Avant-Garde Photographics: Multidisciplinary Precedents Advancing Transdisciplinary Arts into the New Century

The multidisciplinary advent of avant-garde photographics in the early 20th century was a search for new directions. Ongoing transformations in innovations established the proto-modern era with European avant-gardes. Advancing new forms of photographic expression with an unprecedented breadth and depth of diversity. Setting precedents for transdisciplinary art practices and strategies, which continue to move past traditions, boundaries, and limitations today.Individual contributions broadened new forms of proto modern photography -- with and beyond the camera and chemical darkroom. Support of emerging technologies, modern materials and media advanced the formative evolution of modern art across disciplines. Inventions from proto modern photography including modern photomontage, photograms, advances in cinema, exhibtion design, and color, expanded by modern printing methods, explored cross influences between media and materials.Avant-garde photographics coexisted across classic boundaries that separated traditional art mediums by their limitations. Abandoning conventional art forms for inventive photographic possibilities.Today transdisciplinary art exists without traditional subjects or genre. Moving the multimedia past into photographic ideas without category, art-historical narratives or divisions. Dichotomies and debates between real and abstraction, subjective and objective, documentary and constructed veracity, the elimination of definitions between original and copy, move avant-garde photographics in the 21st century beyond the modern era.La aparición de la vanguardia fotográfica a comienzos del siglo XX tuvo un carácter multidisciplinar, buscando nuevas direcciones en las que avanzar. Dichas transformaciones supusieron una era proto-moderna estrechamente relacionada con las vanguardias europeas. Nuevas formas de expresión fotográfica con una diversidad sin precedentes, al tiempo que establecía las bases para una práctica y estrategia artísticas transdisciplinares que continúan siendo hoy día un revulsivo para las tradiciones, limitaciones y fronteras del medio.Las aportaciones de los diferentes artistas contribuyeron a la aparición de nuevas formas de fotografía proto-moderna, tanto en el ámbito de la cámara y el cuarto oscuro como yendo más allá de sus límites. Las tecnologías emergentes en la época, los nuevos materiales y soportes posibilitaron la evolución del arte moderno más allá de las disciplinas tradicionales. Algunas de las aportaciones de la fotografía proto-moderna, como el fotomontaje, los fotogramas, algunos avances en el ámbito del cine, el diseño de las exposiciones y el color, publicitados a través de los medios impresos, permitieron explorar las influencias mutuas entre soportes y medios.La fotografía de vanguardia coexistió con el sistema de las artes, que separaba las prácticas tradicionales al tiempo que señalaba sus límites. El abandono del arte convencional supuso un impulso para la exploración de las posibilidades de la fotografía.La transdisciplinariedad del arte contemporáneo ha acabado con las tradicionales diferencias de géneros y temas. El pasado multimedia ha dado paso a ideas fotográficas en las que ya no existen las categorías, los relatos pertenecientes a la tradición de la historia del arte o sus divisiones. La dicotomía entre real y abstracción, subjetivo y objetivo, veracidad construida y documentalismo, la eliminación de la diferencia entre original y copia, nos permiten llevar las ideas de las vanguardias al siglo XXI, más allá de la era moderna

Spin polarized transport current in n-type co-doped ZnO thin films measured by Andreev spectroscopy

We use point contact Andreev reflection measurements to determine the spin polarization of the transport current in pulse laser deposited thin films of ZnO with 1% Al and with and without 2%Mn. Only films with Mn are ferromagnetic and show spin polarization of the transport current of up to 55 $\pm$ 0.5% at 4.2 K, in sharp contrast to measurements of the nonmagnetic films without Mn where the polarization is consistent with zero. Our results imply strongly that ferromagnetism in these Al doped ZnO films requires the presence of Mn.Comment: Published versio

Below-cost legislation: lessons from the Republic of Ireland

This paper traces the emergence, evolution, and demise of below cost legislation in the grocery industry in the republic of Ireland. The paper adds to our understanding of the legislation by adopting the view that, by using the net invoice price as its definition of cost, the legislation increased two streams of quasi-rents, first on suppliers’ brandeds and second on retailers’ own brands which acted to depress competitive forces and direct supplier-buyer negotiations to off-invoice discounts. Supplier generated quasi-rents financed discounts, and when coupled with retailers’ higher margins on their own brands, provided little incentive for a return to a price competitive environment. Two factors undermined this situation: the substitution of discounters’ products for suppliers’ brands as the discounters share of the market grew and the increase in cross border shopping. These had the combined effect of reducing the available quasi-rents earned in the Irish market resulting in the breakdown of the status quo and a return to price competition. Through its impact on negotiations, the legislation also introduced inefficiencies to both retailers’ and suppliers businesses representing additional waste that could have been more productively used to reduce consumer prices. The paper endorses the Government’s decision to rescind the order and remove an important constraint on both vertical and horizontal competition. Lessons from the Republic of Ireland suggest that the competitive response to the removal of below cost legislation, and reductions in prices, may take time and will depend on economic circumstances and a change in the prevailing norms of organizational behaviour and quasi-rent seeking opportunitie

Determinants of Cluster Size in Large, Population-Based Molecular Epidemiology Study of Tuberculosis, Northern Malawi

Both epidemiologic and strain-related factors may contribute to large clusters of tuberculosis patients

Promoting Independence in Dementia (PRIDE): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Memory services often see people with early stage dementia who are largely independent and able to participate in community activities but who run the risk of reducing activities and social networks. PRIDE is a self-management intervention designed to promote living well and enhance independence for people with mild dementia. This study aims to examine the feasibility of conducting a definitive randomised trial comparing the clinical and cost-effectiveness of the PRIDE intervention offered in addition to usual care or with usual care alone. METHODS/DESIGN: PRIDE is a parallel, two-arm, multicentre, feasibility, randomised controlled trial (RCT). Eligible participants aged 18 or over who have mild dementia (defined as a score of 0.5 or 1 on the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale) who can participate in the intervention and provide informed consent will be randomised (1:1) to treatment with the PRIDE intervention delivered in addition to usual care, or usual care only. Participants will be followed-up at 3 and 6 month's post-randomisation. There will be an option for a supporter to join each participant. Each supporter will be provided with questionnaires at baseline and follow-ups at 3 to 6 months. Embedded qualitative research with both participants and supporters will explore their perspectives on the intervention investigating a range of themes including acceptability and barriers and facilitators to delivery and participation. The feasibility of conducting a full RCT associated with participant recruitment and follow-up of both conditions, intervention delivery including the recruitment, training, retention of PRIDE trained facilitators, clinical outcomes, intervention and resource use costs and the acceptability of the intervention and study related procedures will be examined. DISCUSSION: This study will assess whether a definitive randomised trial comparing the clinical and cost-effectiveness of whether the PRIDE intervention offered in addition to usual care is feasible in comparison to usual care alone, and if so, will provide data to inform the design and conduct of a future trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN, ISRCTN11288961, registered on 23 October 2019, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12345678 Protocol V2.1 dated 19 June 2019

The Rqc2/Tae2 subunit of the ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) complex marks ribosome-stalled nascent polypeptide chains for aggregation

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Ribosome stalling during translation can potentially be harmful, and is surveyed by a conserved quality control pathway that targets the associated mRNA and nascent polypeptide chain (NC). In this pathway, the ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) complex promotes the ubiquitylation and degradation of NCs remaining stalled in the 60S subunit. NC stalling is recognized by the Rqc2/Tae2 RQC subunit, which also stabilizes binding of the E3 ligase, Listerin/Ltn1. Additionally, Rqc2 modifies stalled NCs with a carboxy-terminal, Ala- and Thr-containing extension-the 'CAT tail'. However, the function of CAT tails and fate of CAT tail-modified ('CATylated') NCs has remained unknown. Here we show that CATylation mediates formation of detergent-insoluble NC aggregates. CATylation and aggregation of NCs could be observed either by inactivating Ltn1 or by analyzing NCs with limited ubiquitylation potential, suggesting that inefficient targeting by Ltn1 favors the Rqc2-mediated reaction. These findings uncover a translational stalling-dependent protein aggregation mechanism, and provide evidence that proteins can become specifically marked for aggregation.Ribosome stalling during translation can potentially be harmful, and is surveyed by a conserved quality control pathway that targets the associated mRNA and nascent polypeptide chain (NC). In this pathway, the ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) com5116CNQP - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)202144/2011-9We thank J Warner, A van Hoof, R Kopito, O Brandman, and S Lindquist for reagents. EBT gratefully acknowledges the Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for a Postdoctoral Fellowship. MK was supported by the Hartmut Hoffma

Biomarkers for Early and Late Stage Chronic Allograft Nephropathy by Proteogenomic Profiling of Peripheral Blood

Despite significant improvements in life expectancy of kidney transplant patients due to advances in surgery and immunosuppression, Chronic Allograft Nephropathy (CAN) remains a daunting problem. A complex network of cellular mechanisms in both graft and peripheral immune compartments complicates the non-invasive diagnosis of CAN, which still requires biopsy histology. This is compounded by non-immunological factors contributing to graft injury. There is a pressing need to identify and validate minimally invasive biomarkers for CAN to serve as early predictors of graft loss and as metrics for managing long-term immunosuppression.We used DNA microarrays, tandem mass spectroscopy proteomics and bioinformatics to identify genomic and proteomic markers of mild and moderate/severe CAN in peripheral blood of two distinct cohorts (n = 77 total) of kidney transplant patients with biopsy-documented histology.Gene expression profiles reveal over 2400 genes for mild CAN, and over 700 for moderate/severe CAN. A consensus analysis reveals 393 (mild) and 63 (moderate/severe) final candidates as CAN markers with predictive accuracy of 80% (mild) and 92% (moderate/severe). Proteomic profiles show over 500 candidates each, for both stages of CAN including 302 proteins unique to mild and 509 unique to moderate/severe CAN.This study identifies several unique signatures of transcript and protein biomarkers with high predictive accuracies for mild and moderate/severe CAN, the most common cause of late allograft failure. These biomarkers are the necessary first step to a proteogenomic classification of CAN based on peripheral blood profiling and will be the targets of a prospective clinical validation study

Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex condition with pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations. This study describes the heterogeneity of COPD in a large and well characterised and controlled COPD cohort (ECLIPSE). Methods We studied 2164 clinically stable COPD patients, 337 smokers with normal lung function and 245 never smokers. In these individuals, we measured clinical parameters, nutritional status, spirometry, exercise tolerance, and amount of emphysema by computed tomography. Results COPD patients were slightly older than controls and had more pack years of smoking than smokers with normal lung function. Co-morbidities were more prevalent in COPD patients than in controls, and occurred to the same extent irrespective of the GOLD stage. The severity of airflow limitation in COPD patients was poorly related to the degree of breathlessness, health status, presence of co-morbidity, exercise capacity and number of exacerbations reported in the year before the study. The distribution of these variables within each GOLD stage was wide. Even in subjects with severe airflow obstruction, a substantial proportion did not report symptoms, exacerbations or exercise limitation. The amount of emphysema increased with GOLD severity. The prevalence of bronchiectasis was low (4%) but also increased with GOLD stage. Some gender differences were also identified. Conclusions The clinical manifestations of COPD are highly variable and the degree of airflow limitation does not capture the heterogeneity of the disease

Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex condition with pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations. This study describes the heterogeneity of COPD in a large and well characterised and controlled COPD cohort (ECLIPSE). METHODS: We studied 2164 clinically stable COPD patients, 337 smokers with normal lung function and 245 never smokers. In these individuals, we measured clinical parameters, nutritional status, spirometry, exercise tolerance, and amount of emphysema by computed tomography. RESULTS: COPD patients were slightly older than controls and had more pack years of smoking than smokers with normal lung function. Co-morbidities were more prevalent in COPD patients than in controls, and occurred to the same extent irrespective of the GOLD stage. The severity of airflow limitation in COPD patients was poorly related to the degree of breathlessness, health status, presence of co-morbidity, exercise capacity and number of exacerbations reported in the year before the study. The distribution of these variables within each GOLD stage was wide. Even in subjects with severe airflow obstruction, a substantial proportion did not report symptoms, exacerbations or exercise limitation. The amount of emphysema increased with GOLD severity. The prevalence of bronchiectasis was low (4%) but also increased with GOLD stage. Some gender differences were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical manifestations of COPD are highly variable and the degree of airflow limitation does not capture the heterogeneity of the disease.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are