Polimerizacija 4-(supstituiranih amino)stirena: III. dio – spontana polimerizacija 4-(benzilamino) stirenskih soli

Spontaneous polymerization of 4-aminostyrene-benzyl chloride and/or benzyl bromide systems has been investigated. The results indicate that 4-aminostyrene on reacting with benzyl halides and/or some of its substituents yields corresponding 4-(benzylamino)styrene salts, which are found to polymerize spontaneously in aqueous solution as well as in organic solvents, leading to the formation of poly[4-(benzylamino)styrene] salts. The rates of these reactions clearly indicate that the courses of such reactions are governed by the polarity of the solvent, type of the halide ion and temperature, but no significant role of substituents at the benzyl moiety could be observed.Ispitana je spontana polimerizacija 4-aminostiren-benzil klorida i / ili benzil bromida. Rezultati ukazuju da 4-aminostiren reakcijom s benzil halidima i / ili nekim od supstituenata tvori odgovarajuće 4-(benzilamino) stirenske soli koje spontano polimeriziraju u vodenoj otopini kao i u organskim otapalima. Polimerizacijom nastaju poli[ 4-(benzilamino)stiren] soli. Brzine reakcija ukazuju da je tok reakcije određen polarnošću otapala, vrstom halidnog iona i temperaturom, pri čemu nije primijećen bitan utjecaj supstituenata na benzilnom dijelu molekule

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries