Route Optimisation For Mobile Ipv6

In the future it is expected that the number of terminals with wire less access to network re source swill be more wide spread, and it i s therefore necessary to integrate mobility support into future generation networks so that users can be on line, even while in motion. The increasing use of Internet suggests that the Internet technology can be the best candidate for effective realization of future generation mobile systems. Mobile IP can offer the possibility to use the mobile Internet in other ways than it is used in the standard wire d environment ,Because of this , mobility in IPv6( MlPv6) is designed to be scalable , stable , efficient and secure. This thesis focuses on an important aspect of mobility, which is route optimisation. We investigate the existing route optimisation techniques, especially base MIPv 6 route optimisation and propose an efficient route optimisation . Our proposed solution , Mobile node Address Multicasting technique ( MAM) is based on multicasting techniques different from base MIPv 6 route optimisation , which is based on bin ding update technique

Keyed User Datagram Protocol: Concepts and Operation of an Almost Reliable Connectionless Transport Protocol

Departing from the well-known problem of the excessive overhead and latency of connection oriented protocols, this paper describes a new almost reliable connectionless protocol that uses user datagram protocol (UDP) segment format and is UDP compatible. The problem is presented and described, the motivation, the possible areas of interest and the concept and base operation modes for the protocol named keyed UDP are presented (here called KUDP). Also, discussed are some of the possible manners in which the KUDP can be used, addressing potential problems related with current networking technologies. As UDP is a connectionless protocol, and KUDP allows for some degree of detection of loss and re-ordering of segments received out-of-sequence, we also present a proposal for a stream reconstruction algorithm. This paper ends by mentioning some of the research issues that still need to be addressed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

QoS-Aware Error Recovery in Wireless Body Sensor Networks Using Adaptive Network Coding

Wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) for healthcare and medical applications are real-time and life-critical infrastructures, which require a strict guarantee of quality of service (QoS), in terms of latency, error rate and reliability. Considering the criticality of healthcare and medical applications, WBSNs need to fulfill users/applications and the corresponding network’s QoS requirements. For instance, for a real-time application to support on-time data delivery, a WBSN needs to guarantee a constrained delay at the network level. A network coding-based error recovery mechanism is an emerging mechanism that can be used in these systems to support QoS at very low energy, memory and hardware cost. However, in dynamic network environments and user requirements, the original non-adaptive version of network coding fails to support some of the network and user QoS requirements. This work explores the QoS requirements of WBSNs in both perspectives of QoS. Based on these requirements, this paper proposes an adaptive network coding-based, QoS-aware error recovery mechanism for WBSNs. It utilizes network-level and user-/application-level information to make it adaptive in both contexts. Thus, it provides improved QoS support adaptively in terms of reliability, energy efficiency and delay. Simulation results show the potential of the proposed mechanism in terms of adaptability, reliability, real-time data delivery and network lifetime compared to its counterparts

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Performance analysis of a single-node Hierarchical Time Sliced Optical Burst Switching (Hitsobs) network

Hierarchical Time Sliced Optical Burst Switching (HiTSOBS) is a time variant of OBS that aims at supporting Quality of Service. In this paper, we analyze the performance of HiTSOBS to determine the best burst size for a given number of time slots. These evaluations were carried with/without buffer at the core network. Simulation results demonstrate that smaller burst sizes such as 9 KB and 12.5 KB have better performance than bigger burst sizes such as 125 KB when buffers are assumed at the core network. However, without buffer at the core node, bigger burst sizes achieve better performance in terms of burst loss probability while smaller burst sizes have better delay performance

Detection and prevention of denial of service attacks (DOS) in WLANs infrastructure

Wireless networks are very common today because of their flexibi lity, portability and ease of installation. Users working through wireless connections have to be aware o f the environments due to the vulnerability of the infrastructure and various types of attacks that can be made by the intruders to compromise valuable and critical data. Denial of Service attack (DOS) is t he most significant attack in the wireless 802.11 WLANs. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protecte d Access (WPA) security protocols are used to protect wireless network infrastructure against intrude rs. Despite remarkable advances, both WEP and WPA protocols still suffer from DOS attack because their management and control frame is not encrypted. Integrated Central Manager (ICM) algorithm was proposed to de tect and prevent DOS attacks. However, in ICM, time needed to detect DOS attack is too long. The alg orithm maintains five tables for observing activities in the network. When a client requests for a conne ction, all the five tables needs to be processed; this is increases both network overhead and latency. In This pa per, we proposed an algorithm called Enhanced Integrated Central Manager (EICM) to enhance DOS dete ction and prevention time. The algorithm was evaluated by gathering MAC addresses using Wire shark software and MATLAB was used for simulation. The obtained results demonstrate that that the proposed algorithm outperforms its predecessor in terms of DOS detection and prevention time by decr easing network overhead

A novel routing optimization in optical burst switching networks

Among the three optical network technologies being studied for future Internet, namely, Optical Circuit Switching, Optical Packet switching and Optical Burst switching; Optical Burst Switching is, up to now, the most likely to be implemented in the near future. Nevertheless, bursts contention persists and more work need to be done to minimize bursts loss before Optical Burst switching can be implemented. In this paper, we propose efficient bandwidth utilization and routing optimization scheme aiming at avoiding bursts contention and making better use of the large bandwidth offered by fiber links through Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. The proposed solution is based on the Hierarchical Optical Burst switching techniques and a modified hybrid algorithm of Ant Colony Optimization and Genetic Algorithm, taking into account the Streamline Effect in Optical Burst switching. Through simulation, we expect low burst lost probability and efficient use of bandwidth

Fuzzy-Based Adaptive Hybrid Burst Assembly Technique for Optical Burst Switched Networks

The optical burst switching (OBS) paradigm is perceived as an intermediate switching technology for future all-optical networks. Burst assembly that is the first process in OBS is the focus of this paper. In this paper, an intelligent hybrid burst assembly algorithm that is based on fuzzy logic is proposed. The new algorithm is evaluated against the traditional hybrid burst assembly algorithm and the fuzzy adaptive threshold (FAT) burst assembly algorithm via simulation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the hybrid and the FAT algorithms in terms of burst end-to-end delay, packet end-to-end delay, and packet loss ratio

Grid-based information retrieval architecture for Quran tafseer sources

The growing number of the Muslims in the world has created remarkable demand for reliable and readily available sources and resources for Islamic knowledge in the Internet. This has motivated and continues to motivate goodwill individuals and or organizations to upload Islamic resources to the Internet. Among these resources, Quran Tafseer occupies a unique importance due to the fact that Quran is the first and the main source of Islamic sciences. However, Scholars, Muftis and knowledge seekers are faced with the problem of gathering related information from different sources with diverse contents written in different languages. Furthermore, some sources, in general, and of the Tafseer, in particular are not trustworthy and may disseminate and publish fallacious information about the religion. Consequently, there is a real need for an infrastructure that gathers all the Quran Tafseer resource in one trusted location and provides Scholars and Muslims in general an interface to access, retrieve, and deal with these sources as one big source. This paper proposes a grid-based architecture that offers Scholars and Muslim public a Quran Tafseer platform to facilitate the search and the retrieval of information from different sources. Grid technology is deployed to increase the performance and the efficiency of the information retrieval process