The Landscape of Realized Homologous Recombination in Pathogenic Bacteria

Recombination enhances the adaptive potential of organisms by allowing genetic variants to be tested on multiple genomic backgrounds. Its distribution in the genome can provide insight into the evolutionary forces that underlie traits, such as the emergence of pathogenicity. Here, we examined landscapes of realized homologous recombination of 500 genomes from ten bacterial species and found all species have “hot” regions with elevated rates relative to the genome average. We examined the size, gene content, and chromosomal features associated with these regions and the correlations between closely related species. The recombination landscape is variable and evolves rapidly. For example in Salmonella, only short regions of around 1 kb in length are hot whereas in the closely related species Escherichia coli, some hot regions exceed 100 kb, spanning many genes. Only Streptococcus pyogenes shows evidence for the positive correlation between GC content and recombination that has been reported for several eukaryotes. Genes with function related to the cell surface/membrane are often found in recombination hot regions but E. coli is the only species where genes annotated as “virulence associated” are consistently hotter. There is also evidence that some genes with “housekeeping” functions tend to be overrepresented in cold regions. For example, ribosomal proteins showed low recombination in all of the species. Among specific genes, transferrin-binding proteins are recombination hot in all three of the species in which they were found, and are subject to interspecies recombination

Stimulation of CK2-dependent Grp94 phosphorylation by the nuclear localization signal peptide.

The nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS) of SV40 Large T antigen is essential and sufficient for the nuclear translocation of the protein. Phosphorylation often modulates the intracellular distribution of signaling proteins. In this study, we investigated effects of the NLS-peptide of Large T antigen on protein phosphorylation. When crude cell lysates were incubated with [γ-(32)P]ATP, phosphorylation of several endogenous substrates with molecular masses of 100, 80, 50, and 45 kDa by an endogenous kinase was stimulated by the addition of the wild type NLS-peptide (CPKKKRKVEDP). The mutated NLS-peptide (CPKTKRKVEDP) and the reversed NLS-peptide (PDEVKRKKKPC) are weak in the nuclear localization activity, and they only weakly stimulated phosphorylation of these substrates. The mobility of the 100 kDa phosphoprotein was indistinguishable with that of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94) belonging to the Hsp90 family, and purified Grp94 was phosphorylated by a kinase in cell lysates in an NLS-dependent fashion. The 100 kDa protein was identified as Grp94 by immunoprecipitation and reconstitution experiments. Purification of the NLS-dependent Grp94 kinase by sequential biochemical column chromatography steps resulted in isolation of two polypeptides with molecular masses of 42 and 27 kDa, which were identified as α and β subunit of protein kinase CK2, respectively, by western blotting analysis and biochemical characterization. Moreover, effect of an excess amount of GTP and V8 peptide mapping showed that the NLS-dependent Grp94 kinase in the cell lysate is identical with CK2. Surprisingly purified CK2 did phosphorylate Grp94 even without the NLS-peptide, suggesting that an additional suppressive factor is required for NLS-dependent phosphorylation of Grp94 by CK2. We suggest a possible general role for CK2-catalyzed phosphorylation in the regulation of NLS-dependent protein nuclear translocation

KONTRIBUSI DAN MANFAAT HASIL OLAHAN ROTAN KERAJINAN KREATIF BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL DI DUSUN MENDUNG TERUSAN DESA SAMALANTAN KECAMATAN SAMALANTAN KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG

Abstrak Latar belakang masalah dalam penelitian ini antara lain berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan pemilik usaha kerajinan rotan mengenai kontribusi dan manfaat hasil olahan rotan di Dusun Mendung Terusan Desa Samalantan. Dengan adanya kerajinan kreatif yang berbasis kearifan lokal tersebut, tidak menutup kemungkinan bahwa usaha kerajinan ini banyak memberikan kontribusi dan manfaat bagi masyarakat sekitar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Untuk mengetahui kontribusi dan manfaat hasil olahan rotan bagi masyarakat di Dusun Mendung Terusan Desa Samalantan. (2) Untuk mengetahui kendala-kendala dalam proses memasarkan produk kerajinan rotan (3) Untuk mengetahui kiat pengusaha dalam menciptakan ide kreatif dan inovatif lainnya. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa, kontribusi dan manfaat hasil olahan kerajinan rotan tersebut bagi masyarakat dapat mereka manfaatkan dari tumbuhan hutan yang banyak di daerah tersebut. Hasil dari menjual bahan baku untuk keperluan usaha kerajinan rotan itu dapat memberikan tambahan penghasilan bagi warga masyarakat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup mereka sehari-hari, walaupun tidak begitu besar, tapi bagaimanapun juga paling tidak mereka dapat merasakan manfaat dari tanaman rotan yang tumbuh di hutan sekitar Desa Samalantan

Evolution of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair by Gene Conversion: Coevolution Between a Phage and Restriction-Modification System

The necessity to repair genome damage has been considered to be an immediate factor responsible for the origin of sex. Indeed, attack by a cellular restriction enzyme of invading DNA from several bacteriophages initiates recombinational repair by gene conversion if there is homologous DNA. In the present work, we modeled the interaction between a bacteriophage and a bacterium carrying a restriction enzyme as antagonistic coevolution. We assume a locus on the bacteriophage genome has either a restriction-sensitive or a -resistant allele, and another locus determines whether it is recombination/repair-proficient or -defective. A restriction break can be repaired by a co-infecting phage genome if one of them is recombination/repair-proficient. We define the fitness of phage (resistant/sensitive and repair-positive/-negative) genotypes and bacterial (restriction-positive/-negative) genotypes by assuming random encounter of the genotypes, with a given probabilities of single and double infections, and the costs of resistance, repair and restriction. Our results show the evolution of the repair allele depends on b1 / b0 , the ratio of the burst size b1 under damage to host cell physiology induced by an unrepaired double-strand break to the default burst size b0 . It was not until this effect was taken into account that the evolutionary advantage of DNA repair became apparent

Amentoflavone and Kaempferol Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Cissampelos pareira

Aerial parts of Cissampelos pareira L. (Family: Menispermaceae), commonly known as “Batulpate” in Nepal, are used for the treatment of fever, indigestion and to stop bleeding after child birth. In this study, a biflavonoid, amentoflavone; and two kaempferol glycosides, kaempferol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3-O-b-D-glucuronopyranoside were isolated from 70% MeOH extract of the aerial parts. Structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral data. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on the isolation of these compounds from a plant belonging to family Menispermaceae.Nepal Journal of Biotechnology. Dec. 2017 Vol. 5, No. 1:1-

Introduction of Biodiversity Observation Network in the Asia Pacific Region

Article信州大学山地水環境教育研究センター研究報告 6: 11-12(2010)departmental bulletin pape

Evaluación de reacciones adversas por Glibenclamida tableta 5mg en pacientes de 40 a 65 años diagnosticados con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 clínica médica diabetológica Diriamba-Carazo Febrero 2012-Junio 2015

La Diabetes, siendo una enfermedad que aparece cuando hay una deficiencia o eficacia disminuida de las células β del páncreas o islotes pancreáticos y no produce insulina, teniendo como causa la clasificación según el tipo de Diabetes. La Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, se caracteriza por una pérdida en la capacidad de reponer el suministro de insulina rápidamente, para el cual se recomienda como tratamiento la Glibenclamida Tableta 5 mg, que tiene como efecto una mayor liberación de insulina sobre la hiperglucemia prepandial, que se asocia a la aparición de distintas reacciones adversas. De tal manera, se pretende la identificación de reacciones adversas a Glibenclamida Tableta de 5 mg en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, para el cual se desarrolló un estudio de cohorte analítico. Dicho estudio consta de pacientes tratados con Glibenclamida (Grupo de pacientes expuestos al factor de riesgo) y un segundo grupo de pacientes tratados con Metformina (Grupo no expuesto). El abordaje de este padecimiento va en caminado a la prevención y al manejo de las complicaciones de reacciones adversas tanto leves como graves. Teniendo como reacciones adversas leves en mayor frecuencia las alteraciones gastrointestinales (nauseas, vómitos, diarrea y mareos), y teniendo como frecuente los episodios hipoglucémicos como reacción adversa grave

Two-stage Method for the Extraction of a Horizontally Impacted Lower Third Molar

AbstractA modification of the surgical technique for extracting impacted lower third molars is required to decrease the rate of complications including inferior alveolar nerve injury. In this study, a new two-stage extraction method for the horizontally impacted lower third molar was developed. During the first stage, only the crown was removed after separating the impacted tooth at the neck. Thereafter, the root(s) was pulled toward the anterior direction with an elastic band at 130–150 g over a 7-day period. Next, the root(s) was extracted. This method was firstly attempted for 20 horizontally impacted lower third molars, the roots of which had been close to the mandibular canal in panoramic radiographs and were pulled for 20.8 ± 11.5 (n = 20) days. The roots in 17 of 20 cases (85%) were loosened from the sockets and extracted easily without any complications. These outcomes suggest that this two-stage method is useful for the extraction of a horizontally impacted lower third molar in order to decrease the rate of inferior alveolar nerve injury