Évaluation d’une politique de sécurité : la "méthode globale" des Zones de sécurité prioritaires

International audienc

Mesurer les discriminations raciales à l'université : victimes, auteurs et environnement spatial

International audienc

Evaluation d'une politique de sécurité La « méthode globale » des Zones de Sécurité Prioritaires

International audienc

L’ESPE de Martinique et la recherche. Le projet immersion et comparaison des systèmes éducatifs

International audienc

The blood-brain barrier in brain homeostasis and neurological diseases

AbstractBrain endothelial cells are unique among endothelial cells in that they express apical junctional complexes, including tight junctions, which quite resemble epithelial tight junctions both structurally and functionally. They form the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) which strictly controls the exchanges between the blood and the brain compartments by limiting passive diffusion of blood-borne solutes while actively transporting nutrients to the brain. Accumulating experimental and clinical evidence indicate that BBB dysfunctions are associated with a number of serious CNS diseases with important social impacts, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, brain tumors, epilepsy or Alzheimer's disease. This review will focus on the implication of brain endothelial tight junctions in BBB architecture and physiology, will discuss the consequences of BBB dysfunction in these CNS diseases and will present some therapeutic strategies for drug delivery to the brain across the BBB

Identification of Cryptic MHC I–restricted Epitopes Encoded by HIV-1 Alternative Reading Frames

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I–restricted epitopes are widely believed to be derived from viral proteins encoded by primary open reading frames. However, the HIV-1 genome contains alternative reading frames (ARFs) potentially encoding small polypeptides. We have identified a panel of epitopes encoded by ARFs within the gag, pol, and env genes. The corresponding epitopic peptides were immunogenic in mice humanized for MHC-I molecules. In addition, cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognizing these epitopes were found in HIV-infected patients. These results reveal the existence of atypical mechanisms of HIV-1 epitope generation. They indicate that the repertoire of epitopes recognized by the cellular anti–HIV-1 immune response is broader than initially thought. This should be taken into account when designing vaccine strategies aimed at activating these responses

La formation initiale des enseignants en contexte de confinement: une enquête comparative dans la France d'outre-mer

This article shows the results of a large-scale survey focused on the experiences, perceptions and attitudes of master level teacher interns in the French national education system in the context of COVID-19 lockdown. Data was collected in four French overseas territories: Guadeloupe, Martinique, New Caledonia and French Polynesia. The online poll covered four aspects of the teacher intern experience: possession of computer equipment, access to digital resources, available technology hardware during lockdown, educational interactions, well-being and feelings of insecurity. The quantitative analysis of the responses was combined with a similarity in network analysis based on the participants’ comments. The results obtained show that the online training strategies put in place to manage the crisis were often hastily improvised and could not resolve the lack of technical and economic means from which the most marginalized and geographically isolated communities suffer. This situation has resulted in overworked, highly dissatisfied and stressed oversea teacher interns.Cet article traite des résultats d’une étude sur le vécu, les perceptions et les attitudes en contexte de confinement des fonctionnaires stagiaires de l’Éducation nationale française qui suivent une formation initiale de niveau master en alternance. Une enquête par questionnaire en ligne a été réalisée dans quatre territoires ultrapériphériques de l’État français : Guadeloupe, Martinique, Nouvelle-Calédonie et Polynésie française. Quatre aspects du vécu des étudiants-fonctionnaires étaient visés : la possession de matériel informatique, l’accès aux ressources numériques, les conditions matérielles pendant le confinement, les interactions éducatives, le bien-être et le sentiment d’insécurité. L’analyse quantitative des réponses a été associée à une analyse des similitudes basée sur les commentaires des participants. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les stratégies de formation à distance mises en place pour faire face à la crise ont été souvent improvisées à la hâte et n’ont pu résoudre le manque de moyens techniques et économiques dont souffrent les communautés les plus marginalisées et géographiquement éloignées. La situation a engendré une surcharge de travail et de hauts niveaux d’insatisfaction et de stress chez les jeunes enseignants d’outre-mer

Sea ice thickness and elastic properties from the analysis of multimodal guided wave propagation measured with a passive seismic array

Field data are needed for a better understanding of sea ice decline in the context of climate change. The rapid technological and methodological advances of the last decade have led to a reconsideration of seismic methods in this matter. In particular, passive seismology has filled an important gap by removing the need to use active sources. We present a seismic experiment where an array of 247 geophones was deployed on sea ice, in the Van Mijen fjord near Sveagruva (Svalbard). The array is a mix of 1C and 3C stations with sampling frequencies of 500 and 1000 Hz. They recorded continuously the ambient seismic field in sea ice between 28 February and 26 March 2019. Data also include active acquisitions on 1 and 26 March with a radar antenna, a shaker unit, impulsive sources, and artificial sources of seismic noise. This data set is of unprecedented quality regarding sea ice seismic monitoring, as it also includes thousands of microseismic events recorded each day. By combining passive seismology approaches with specific array processing methods, we demonstrate that the multimodal dispersion curves of sea ice can be calculated without an active source and then used to infer sea ice properties. We calculated an ice thickness, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio with values h=543 cm, E=3.90.15 GPa, and nu=0.340.02 on 1 March, and h=583 cm, E=4.4 +/- 0.15 GPa, and nu=0.32 +/- 0.02 on 5 March. These values are consistent with in situ field measurements and observations.Peer reviewe