35 research outputs found
[Covid-19 et transmission par aérosols: état des lieux]
International audienceSARS-CoV 2, the agent of the disease known as COVID-19, appeared in China at the end of 2019. The virus is transmitted primarily through the air in droplets or microdroplets emitted by symptomatic (through coughing or sneezing or during aerosol-generating procedures) or asymptomatic (through breathing or speaking) infected persons. This article reviews the current knowledge about the sizes of droplets emitted, the quantity of viral particles potentially emitted, the parameters influencing the conditions of transport and survival of these viral particles, including atmospheric conditions, and the impact on the development of the disease. It also discusses the parameters of risk assessment and recommendations for ventilation of indoor spaces. © 2021 John Libbey Eurotext. All rights reserved
Pesticides : diversitĂ© des sources dâinformation et effet sur la perception des risques
This article, written to summarize recent work by the SFSE's risk and society section, reviews all the evidence provided by stakeholders who agreed to contribute to the debate on the diversity of information sources about pesticides and its effect on the perception of environmental and health risks. The article defines, contextualizes and, where necessary, supplements the scope of the work, while attempting to integrate all the components of this complex subject, from the definition of pesticides to the analysis of perceptions intrinsically linked to the sociohistorical transformations of these substances themselves as well as of society and its citizens.Cet article de synthĂšse, Ă©crit dans le cadre des derniers travaux de la section « Risques et sociĂ©tĂ© » de la SociĂ©tĂ© francophone de santĂ© et environnement (SFSE), sâinspire de lâensemble des tĂ©moignages apportĂ©s par les parties prenantes qui ont acceptĂ© dâalimenter le dĂ©bat sur la diversitĂ© des sources dâinformation sur les pesticides et son effet sur la perception des risques pour la santĂ© et lâenvironnement. Il dĂ©finit, contextualise et complĂšte, le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, le pĂ©rimĂštre des travaux, tout en tentant dâintĂ©grer lâensemble des composantes de ce sujet complexe, depuis la dĂ©finition des pesticides jusquâĂ lâanalyse des perceptions intrinsĂšquement liĂ©es aux transformations sociohistoriques tant de lâobjet que de la sociĂ©tĂ© et de ses acteurs
Probabilistic Analysis of a French Legionellosis Outbreak Shows Potential Role of Wastewater Basin
Based on the data from a French outbreak of legionellosis, a probabilistic approach was developed to analyze and assess the potential role of several suspected sources of contamination. Potential dates of exposure of all cases were determined using back-calculation, using two probability distribution functions to model incubation period. A probabilistic analysis and risk assessment were then used to determine the most probable sources of contamination for each wave of the outbreak. The risk assessment was based on parameters representing emission and dispersion of Legionella: level and duration of emission; aerosol dispersion capacity; and probability of potential exposure for each patient. Four types of facilities containing the Legionella epidemic strain were analyzed: cooling towers, aerated wastewater basins, high pressure water cleaners, and car wash stations. The results highlighted the potential role of an aerated wastewater basin in the outbreak in addition to cooling towers. The role of high-pressure water cleaners and car wash stations appeared to be non-significant. This study also reveals the lack of knowledge on facility parameters that can be useful for microbial risk assessments. This type of probabilistic analysis can be used to quantitatively assess the risk for various facilities in order to manage a legionellosis outbreak
Vibrions non cholériques dans les eaux littorales et les produits de la mer : caractérisation des expositions humaines
International audienceLe nombre dâinfections Ă vibrion non cholĂ©rique est en augmentation dans les pays dĂ©veloppĂ©s et cette tendance risque de sâaccentuer avec le changement climatique, lâaugmentation de la consommation de produits de la mer et le nombre de personnes immunodĂ©primĂ©es. LâĂ©valuation des risques microbiologiques (ERM) vise Ă caractĂ©riser et Ă quantifier les risques sanitaires associĂ©s Ă lâexposition Ă des micro-organismes pathogĂšnes. LâĂ©valuation des expositions, qui est une des Ă©tapes de lâERM, identifie les populations exposĂ©es et Ă©value la dose dâexposition. Cet article synthĂ©tise les Ă©lĂ©ments scientifiques existants nĂ©cessaires Ă lâestimation des expositions humaines aux trois espĂšces responsables de prĂšs de 75 % des vibrioses non cholĂ©riques : Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139, V. parahaemolyticus et V. vulnificus. Trop peu de donnĂ©es sont disponibles pour les infections cutanĂ©es, mais lâĂ©valuation des expositions par ingestion est possible. Nous passons en revue diffĂ©rents types dâinformations : la virulence, le type dâaliments impliquĂ©s et leur consommation moyenne, les populations sensibles, la concentration initiale en pathogĂšnes dans lâeau ou dans les aliments, lâeffet du stockage Ă lâair ambiant, de la rĂ©frigĂ©ration, de la congĂ©lation et de la cuisson. Le stockage Ă tempĂ©rature ambiante a un effet primordial sur le dĂ©veloppement des vibrions, et la congĂ©lation et la cuisson sont souvent insuffisantes pour les Ă©liminer. Le risque paraĂźt liĂ© aux Ă©tapes situĂ©es entre la rĂ©colte et la consommation et donc grandement associĂ© aux comportements alimentaires
Morphological Evidence for a Subpopulation Selection Effect by Estrogen and Antiestrogen Treatments in the Heterogeneous MCF-7 Cell Line
Recently, we developed a method to quantitatively study tumour cell heterogeneity in terms of both nuclear size and estrogen receptor (ER) content by image cytometry. The method, previously used to analyse the proliferation of the breast cancer cell line MCFâ7, was applied here to analyse the growth of this cell line under estradiol (E2), hydroxytamoxifen (OHâTAM), and both E2 and OHâTAM treatments. The method extracts characteristic parameters of single nuclei and features that measure the global and local organisation of the cells in their growing phase. Modifications of the heterogeneity of the cell line are emphasised through phenotypic changes and modifications of the spatial organisation of the cells. The hormone (E2) generates a very fast growth of cells with small nuclei that became ER negative in the long term. The antihormone (OHâTAM) produces a gradual selection of ER negative or poorly positive cells with large nuclei. These modifications are reversed when E2 and OHâTAM are simultaneously used. Moreover, estradiol induces a permissive context of proliferation, whereas hydroxytamoxifen acts only on some subpopulations. The combination of cell count, cytomorphology, and cell organisation revealed the magnitude of the potential of structuration of hormones or antihormones on in vitro growing cells
Proton and neutron decay rates in conventional and supersymmetric guts
SIGLEAvailable from CEN Saclay, Service de Documentation, 91191 - Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex (France) / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc
Rapid detection and enumeration of Legionella pneumophila in hot water systems by solid-phase cytometry
International audienc
Les Orthohantavirus du Nouveau Monde
International audienceHantavirus infections, whose genus has recently been renamed Orthohantavirus of the Hantaviridae family, are zoonoses transmitted by rodents that cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans in Europe and Asia (Old World Orthohantavirus), or Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HPCS) in the Americas (New World Orthohantavirus). As a recent infectious disease, it is a cause for concern both because of its seriousness and because of the emergence of new species. In only thirty years, no fewer than thirty species have been discovered, with numerous reservoirs, and a risk of increased contact between humans and the reservoir as a result of global changes (deforestation, urbanization, agriculture, climate change). Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic research is attempting to find ways to predict or even limit the occurrence of severe forms. In the absence of any specific treatment, prevention and symptomatic management of organ failures remain essential.Les infections Ă hantavirus, dont le genre a rĂ©cemment Ă©tĂ© renommĂ© Orthohantavirus de la famille des Hantaviridae, sont des zoonoses transmises par des rongeurs responsables chez l'Homme soit d'une fiĂšvre hĂ©morragique avec syndrome rĂ©nal (FHSR) en Europe et en Asie (Orthohantavirus de l'Ancien Monde), soit d'un syndrome pulmonaire Ă hantavirus (SPH) ou syndrome cardio-pulmonaire Ă hantavirus (SCPH) dans les AmĂ©riques (Orthohantavirus du Nouveau Monde). Maladie infectieuse rĂ©cente, elle inquiĂšte autant par sa gravitĂ© que par lâĂ©mergence de nouvelles espĂšces. En trente ans, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverts pas moins de trente espĂšces et de nombreux rĂ©servoirs, de nouvelles localisations, et on note un risque d'augmentation de contacts entre l'Homme et le rĂ©servoir par les changements globaux (dĂ©forestation, urbanisation, agriculture, climat). La recherche fondamentale, clinique et thĂ©rapeutique tente de trouver des moyens de prĂ©dire, voire de limiter, la survenue de formes sĂ©vĂšres. En l'absence de traitement spĂ©cifique, la prĂ©vention et le support des dĂ©faillances restent primordiaux