335 research outputs found
Large Deviations and Stochastic Stability in the Small Noise Double Limit, II: The Logit Model
Stochastic differential equations for evolutionary dynamics with demographic noise and mutations
We present a general framework to describe the evolutionary dynamics of an
arbitrary number of types in finite populations based on stochastic
differential equations (SDE). For large, but finite populations this allows to
include demographic noise without requiring explicit simulations. Instead, the
population size only rescales the amplitude of the noise. Moreover, this
framework admits the inclusion of mutations between different types, provided
that mutation rates, , are not too small compared to the inverse
population size 1/N. This ensures that all types are almost always represented
in the population and that the occasional extinction of one type does not
result in an extended absence of that type. For this limits the use
of SDE's, but in this case there are well established alternative
approximations based on time scale separation. We illustrate our approach by a
Rock-Scissors-Paper game with mutations, where we demonstrate excellent
agreement with simulation based results for sufficiently large populations. In
the absence of mutations the excellent agreement extends to small population
sizes.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review
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Influence of biomass combustion emissions on the distribution of acidic trace gases over the southern Pacific basin during austral springtime
This paper describes the large-scale distributions of HNO3, HCOOH, and CH3COOH over the central and South Pacific basins during the Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics (PEM-Tropics) in austral springtime. Because of the remoteness of this region from continental areas, low part per trillion by volume (pptv) mixing ratios of acidic gases were anticipated to be pervasive over the South Pacific basin. However, at altitudes of 2–12 km over the South Pacific, air parcels were encountered frequently with significantly enhanced mixing ratios (up to 1200 pptv) of acidic gases. Most of these air parcels were centered in the 3–7 km altitude range and occurred within the 15°−65°S latitudinal band. The acidic gases exhibited an overall general correlation with CH3Cl, PAN, and O3, suggestive of photochemical and biomass burning sources. There was no correlation or trend of acidic gases with common industrial tracer compounds (e.g., C2Cl4 or CH3CCl3). The combustion emissions sampled over the South Pacific basin were relatively aged exhibiting C2H2/CO ratios in the range of 0.2–2.2 pptv/ppbv. The relationships between acidic gases and this ratio were similar to what was observed in aged air parcels (i.e., \u3e3–5 days since they were over a continental area) over the western North Pacific during the Pacific Exploratory Mission-West Phases A and B (PEM-West A and B). In the South Pacific marine boundary layer a median C2H2/CO ratio of 0.6 suggested that this region was generally not influenced by direct inputs of biomass combustion emissions. Here we observed the lowest mixing ratios of acidic gases, with median values of 14 pptv for HNO3, 19 pptv for HCOOH, and 18 pptv for CH3COOH. These values were coincident with low mixing ratios of NOx(\u3c10 pptv), CO (≈50 parts per billion by volume (ppbv)), O3 (\u3c 20 ppbv), and long-lived hydrocarbons (e.g., C2H6 \u3c300 pptv). Overall, the PEM-Tropics data suggest an important influence of aged biomass combustion emissions on the distributions of acidic gases over the South Pacific basin in austral springtime
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Reactive nitrogen in Asian continental outflow over the western Pacific: Results from the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) airborne mission
We present here results for reactive nitrogen species measured aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission. The large-scale distributions total reactive nitrogen (NOy,sum = NO + NO2 + HNO3 + PAN + C1–C5alkyl nitrates) and O3 and CO were better defined in the boundary layer with significant degradation of the relationships as altitude increased. Typically, NOy,sum was enhanced over background levels of ∼260 pptv by 20-to-30-fold. The ratio C2H2/CO had values of 1–4 at altitudes up to 10 km and as far eastward as 150°E, implying significant vertical mixing of air parcels followed by rapid advection across the Pacific. Analysis air parcels originating from five principal Asian source regions showed that HNO3 and PAN dominated NOy,sum. Correlations of NOy,sum with C2Cl4 (urban tracer) were not well defined in any of the source regions, and they were only slightly better with CH3Cl (biomass tracer). Air parcels over the western Pacific contained a complex mixture of emission sources that are not easily resolvable as shown by analysis of the Shanghai mega-city plume. It contained an intricate mixture of pollution emissions and exhibited the highest mixing ratios of NOy,sum species observed during TRACE-P. Comparison of tropospheric chemistry between the earlier PEM-West B mission and the recent TRACE-P data showed that in the boundary layer significant increases in the mixing ratios of NOy,sum species have occurred, but the middle and upper troposphere seems to have been affected minimally by increasing emissions on the Asian continent over the last 7 years
Asian Influence Over the Western North Pacific during the Fall Season: Inferences from Lead 210, Soluble Ionic Species and Ozone
Aerosol samples collected over the western Pacific during the NASA/Global Tropospheric Experiment Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-West A) expedition (September - October 1991) revealed mean Pb-210 concentrations in the free troposphere in the 5-10 fCi m(exp -3) STP range. Most soluble ionic aerosol-associated species were near detection limits [much less than 40 parts per trillion by volume (pptv)] in these same samples. The altitude distribution of O3 near Asia closely resembled that of Pb-210, while no relationship was found between the concentrations of O3 and Be-7. Free tropospheric air over the western Pacific was depleted in soluble aerosol-associated species but enriched in Pb-210 and O3, indicative of deep wet convection over the Asian continent. The influence of Asian air on the composition of the free troposphere over the western Pacific was evident on most of the PEM-West A flights. However, evidence of continental influence was largely restricted to those species that are relatively insoluble (or have insoluble precursors), hence escape scavenging during vertical transport from the boundary layer into the free troposphere by wet convective activity
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Airborne tunable diode laser measurements of formaldehyde during TRACE-P: Distributions and box model comparisons
Fixation, transient landscape and diffusion's dilemma in stochastic evolutionary game dynamics
Agent-based stochastic models for finite populations have recently received
much attention in the game theory of evolutionary dynamics. Both the ultimate
fixation and the pre-fixation transient behavior are important to a full
understanding of the dynamics. In this paper, we study the transient dynamics
of the well-mixed Moran process through constructing a landscape function. It
is shown that the landscape playing a central theoretical "device" that
integrates several lines of inquiries: the stable behavior of the replicator
dynamics, the long-time fixation, and continuous diffusion approximation
associated with asymptotically large population. Several issues relating to the
transient dynamics are discussed: (i) multiple time scales phenomenon
associated with intra- and inter-attractoral dynamics; (ii) discontinuous
transition in stochastically stationary process akin to Maxwell construction in
equilibrium statistical physics; and (iii) the dilemma diffusion approximation
facing as a continuous approximation of the discrete evolutionary dynamics. It
is found that rare events with exponentially small probabilities, corresponding
to the uphill movements and barrier crossing in the landscape with multiple
wells that are made possible by strong nonlinear dynamics, plays an important
role in understanding the origin of the complexity in evolutionary, nonlinear
biological systems.Comment: 34 pages, 4 figure
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Assessment of ozone photochemistry in the western North Pacific as inferred from PEM-West A observations during the fall 1991
This study examines the influence of photochemical processes on ozone distributions in the western North Pacific. The analysis is based on data generated during NASA's western Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-West A) during the fall of 1991. Ozone trends were best described in terms of two geographical domains: the western North Pacific rim (WNPR) and the western tropical North Pacific (WTNP). For both geographical regions, ozone photochemical destruction, D(O3), decreased more rapidly with altitude than did photochemical formation, F(O3). Thus the ozone tendency, P(O3), was typically found to be negative for z <6 km and positive for z > 6-8 km. For nearly all altitudes and latitudes, observed nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) levels were shown to be of minor importance as ozone precursor species. Air parcel types producing the largest positive values of P(O3) included fresh continental boundary layer (BL) air and high-altitude (z > 7 km) parcels influenced by deep convection/lightning. Significant negative P(O3) values were found when encountering clean marine BL air or relatively clean lower free-tropospheric air. Photochemical destruction and formation fluxes for the Pacific rim region were found to exceed average values cited for marine dry deposition and stratospheric injection in the northern hemisphere by nearly a factor of 6. This region was also found to be in near balance with respect to column-integrated O3 photochemical production and destruction. By contrast, for the tropical regime column-integrated O3 showed photochemical destruction exceeding production by nearly 80%. Both transport of O3 rich midlatitude air into the tropics as well as very high-altitude (10-17 km) photochemical O3 production were proposed as possible additional sources that might explain this estimated deficit. Results from this study further suggest that during the fall time period, deep convection over Asia and Malaysia/Indonesia provided a significant source of high-altitude NOx to the western Pacific. Given that the high-altitude NOx lifetime is estimated at between 3 and 9 days, one would predict that this source added significantly to high altitude photochemical O3 formation over large areas of the western Pacific. When viewed in terms of strong seasonal westerly flow, its influence would potentially span a large part of the Pacific. Copyright 1996 by the American Geophysical Union
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Regional-scale chemical transport modeling in support of the analysis of observations obtained during the TRACE-P experiment
Data obtained during the TRACE-P experiment is used to evaluate how well the CFORS/STEM-2K1 regional-scale chemical transport model is able to represent the aircraft observations. Thirty-one calculated trace gas and aerosol parameters are presented and compared to the in situ data. The regional model is shown to accurately predict many of the important features observed. The mean values of all the model parameters in the lowest 1 km are predicted within ±30% of the observed values. The correlation coefficients (R) for the meteorological parameters are found to be higher than those for the trace species. For example, for temperature, R \u3e 0.98. Among the trace species, ethane, propane, and ozone show the highest values (0.8 \u3c R \u3c 0.9), followed by CO, SO2, and NOy, NO and NO2 had the lowest values (R \u3c 0.4). Analyses of pollutant transport into the Yellow Sea by frontal events are presented and illustrate the complex nature of outflow. Biomass burning from SE Asia is transported in the warm conveyor belt at altitudes above ∼2 km and at latitudes below 30N. Outflow of pollution emitted along the east coast of China in the postfrontal regions is typically confined to the lower ∼2 km and results in high concentrations with plume-like features in the Yellow Sea. During these situations the model underpredicts CO and black carbon (among other species). An analysis of ozone production in this region is also presented. In and around the highly industrialized regions of East Asia, where fossil fuel usage dominates, ozone is NMHC-limited. South of ∼30-35N, ozone production is NOx-limited, reflecting the high NMHC/NOx ratios due to the large contributions to the emissions from biomass burning, biogenics sources, and biofuel usage in central China and SE Asia. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union
Le Chatelier principle in replicator dynamics
The Le Chatelier principle states that physical equilibria are not only
stable, but they also resist external perturbations via short-time
negative-feedback mechanisms: a perturbation induces processes tending to
diminish its results. The principle has deep roots, e.g., in thermodynamics it
is closely related to the second law and the positivity of the entropy
production. Here we study the applicability of the Le Chatelier principle to
evolutionary game theory, i.e., to perturbations of a Nash equilibrium within
the replicator dynamics. We show that the principle can be reformulated as a
majorization relation. This defines a stability notion that generalizes the
concept of evolutionary stability. We determine criteria for a Nash equilibrium
to satisfy the Le Chatelier principle and relate them to mutualistic
interactions (game-theoretical anticoordination) showing in which sense
mutualistic replicators can be more stable than (say) competing ones. There are
globally stable Nash equilibria, where the Le Chatelier principle is violated
even locally: in contrast to the thermodynamic equilibrium a Nash equilibrium
can amplify small perturbations, though both this type of equilibria satisfy
the detailed balance condition.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure
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