El papel de las mujeres en la Historia de la Psicología

Treball Final de Màster Universitari en Investigació Aplicada en Estudis Feministes, de Gènere i Ciutadania. Codi: SBQ023. Curs: 2017/2018Desde los inicios de la psicología, las mujeres han aportado un gran bagaje de experiencia y estudios a esta disciplina. No obstante, pese a su gran labor de investigación y a la calidad que han aportado sus contribuciones, por desgracia, no han tenido un reconocimiento a su labor, y han estado invisibilizadas. El objetivo principal es saber, ¿quiénes fueron estas mujeres? ¿cuáles fueron sus principales contribuciones a esta ciencia? Para ello, se seleccionaron con una metodología de revisión bibliográfica libros y artículos en los que aparecían las aportaciones de las mujeres que han sido pioneras clasificándose en función de los campos de la psicología en los que tuvieron mayor repercusión y cual fue su trayectoria profesional, llegando a la conclusión de que la mayoría de ellas se formaron principalmente en el campo de la psicología en Europa y América. Así mismo, se ha realizado un estudio comparativo entre la situación vivida por las mujeres pioneras en el siglo XIX y la situación actual de la mujer en el campo de la psicología y en general en todos los ámbitos de nuestra sociedad. En la actualidad, en el ámbito de la psicología, las mujeres desempeñan un papel similar al de los hombres, prueba de ello es el gran número de mujeres que se gradúan en Psicología y que trabajan en psicología, pero aún se producen determinadas situaciones que no suponen la consecución de la igualdad real entre hombres y mujeres.Since the beginning of psychology, women have brought a wealth of experience and studies to this discipline. However, despite their great research work and the quality that their contributions have contributed, unfortunately, they have not had recognition for their work, and they have been made invisible. The main objective is to know, who were these women? What were your main contributions to this science? To do this, books and articles were selected with a bibliographic review methodology in which the contributions of women who have been pioneers were classified according to the fields of psychology in which they had the greatest impact and which was their professional trajectory, reaching to the conclusion that most of them were trained mainly in the field of educational psychology in Europe and America. Likewise, a comparative study has been carried out between the situation experienced by pioneering women in the 19th century and the current situation of women in the field of psychology and in general in all areas of our society. Currently, in the field of psychology, women play a role similar to that of men, proof of this is the large number of women who graduate in psychology and who work in psychology, but there are still certain situations that do not they suppose the achievement of real equality between men and women

Selective DNA-Binding by Designed Bisbenzamidine-Homeodomain Chimeras

We report the construction of conjugates between three variants of the helix 3 region of a Q50K engrailed homeodomain and bisbenzamidine minor-groove DNA binders. The hybrid featuring the sequence of the native protein failed to bind to DNA; however, modifications that increased the α-helical folding propensity of the peptide allowed specific DNA binding by a bipartite (major/minor groove) interactionMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad. Grant Numbers: SAF2010-20822-C02, CTQ2012-31341 Consolider Ingenio. Grant Number: 2010 CSD2007-00006 Xunta de Galicia. Grant Number: GRC2013/14 European Regional Development Fund European Research Council. Grant Number: Na 340055 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Fundación Gil DávilaS

Nickel-promoted recognition of long DNA sites by designed peptide derivatives

NOTICE: This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Jessica Rodríguez, Jesús Mosquera, M. Eugenio Vázquez*, José L. Mascareñas* (2016), Nickel-promoted Recognition of long DNA sites by designed Peptide Derivatives. ChemEurJ., 22 (38), 13474-13477 [doi:10.1002/chem.201602783]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for selfarchivingWe describe the synthesis of designed peptidic modules that self-assemble in specific DNA sequences of 12 base pairs in the presence of NiII salts. The modules consist of modified fragments of transcription factors that have been appropriately engineered to include metal-chelating His and bipyridine ligandsWe are thankful for the support given by the Spanish grants SAF2013-41943-R, CTQ2015-70698-R, and CTQ2013-49317-EXP, the Xunta de Galicia GRC2013-041, the ERDF, and the European Research Council (Advanced Grant No. 340055). Support of COST Action CM1105, COST CM1306 and the orfeo-cinqa network are also kindly acknowledged. J.R. thanks the Xunta de Galicia for a PhD fellowshipS

Assembly of a Ternary Metallopeptide Complex at Specific DNA Sites Mediated by an AT‐Hook Adaptor

The nickel(II)‐mediated self‐assembly of a multimeric DNA binder is described. The binder is composed of two metal‐chelating peptides derived from a bZIP transcription factor (brHis2) and one short AT‐hook domain equipped with two bipyridine ligands (HkBpy2). These peptides reversibly assemble in the presence of NiII ions at selected DNA sequences of 13 base pairsFinancial support from the Spanish grants SAF2016‐76689‐R, RTI2018‐099877‐B‐I00, Orfeo‐cinqa network CTQ2016‐81797‐REDC, the Xunta de Galicia (2015‐CP082, ED431C‐2017/19 and Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia accreditation 019–2022, ED431G 2019/03), the European Union (European Regional Development Fund—ERDF), and the European Research Council (Advanced Grant No. 340055) are gratefully acknowledged. S.L.‐A. thanks the Spanish MINECO for her FPI fellowship (BES‐2017‐080555); J.R. thanks the Xunta de Galicia for her PhD fellowshipS

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection of Nucleic Acids Exhibiting Sterically Accessible Guanines Using Ruthenium-Polypyridyl Reagents

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Martínez-Calvo, M.; Guerrini, L.; Rodríguez, J.; Álvarez Puebla, R. A.; Mascareñas, J. L. (2020), Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering Detection of Nucleic Acids exhibiting Sterically Accessible Guanines using Ruthenium-polypyridyl Reagents. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 11: 7218–7223, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02148. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with ACS Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived VersionsHere, we report the application of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy as a rapid and practical tool for assessing the formation of coordinative adducts between nucleic acid guanines and ruthenium polypyridyl reagents. The technology provides a practical approach for the wash-free and quick identification of nucleic acid structures exhibiting sterically accessible guanines. This is demonstrated for the detection of a quadruplex-forming sequence present in the promoter region of the c-myc oncogene, which exhibits a nonpaired, reactive guanine at a flanking position of the G-quartetsWe are thankful for the financial support from the Xunta de Galicia (Centro singular de investigación de Galicia accreditation 2019-2022, ED431G 2019/03) and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund – ERDF). We also acknowledge the support given by the Spanish Grant SAF2013-41943-R and SAF2016-76689-R, the Xunta de Galicia (Grants 2015-CP082, ED431C 2017/19,), the Spanish Ministry de Economia y Competitividad (CTQ2017-88648R and RYC-2016-20331), the Generalitat de Cataluña (2017SGR883), the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (2019PFR-URV-B2-02), the Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Banco Santander (2017EXIT-08), and the European Research Council (Advanced Grant No. 340055). M.M.-C. thanks the Ministerio de Economı́a y Competitividad for the Postdoctoral fellowship (IJCI-2014-19326) and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Ministerio de Universidades for the Distinguished Researcher contract “Beatriz Galindo” (BEAGAL18/00144). J.R. thanks Xunta de Galicia for her predoctoral fellowshipS

Metal-Dependent DNA Recognition and Cell Internalization of Designed, Basic Peptides

A fragment of the DNA basic region (br) of the GCN4 bZIP transcription factor has been modified to include two His residues at designed i and i+4 positions of its N-terminus. The resulting monomeric peptide (brHis2) does not bind to its consensus target DNA site (5′-GTCAT-3′). However, addition of Pd(en)Cl2 (en, ethylenediamine) promotes a high-affinity interaction with exquisite selectivity for this sequence. The peptide–DNA complex is disassembled by addition of a slight excess of a palladium chelator, and the interaction can be reversibly switched multiple times by playing with controlled amounts of either the metal complex or the chelator. Importantly, while the peptide brHis2 fails to translocate across cell membranes on its own, addition of the palladium reagent induces an efficient cell internalization of this peptide. In short, we report (1) a designed, short peptide that displays highly selective, major groove DNA binding, (2) a reversible, metal-dependent DNA interaction, and (3) a metal-promoted cell internalization of this basic peptideThis work has received financial support from the MINECO (SAF2013-41943-R, SAF2016-76689-R, and CTQ2015-70698-R), the Xunta de Galicia (2015-CP082, ED431C 2017/19, and Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia Accreditation 2016–2019, ED431G/09), the European Union (European Regional Development Fund, ERDF), and the European Research Council (Advanced Grant No. 340055). Support of COST CM1306 and the orfeo-cinqa network are also acknowledged. J.R. thanks the Xunta de Galicia for a Ph.D. fellowship. We also wish to acknowledge the generous support by the Fundación AECC (IDEAS197VAZQ grant)S

Stimuli-Responsive DNA Binding by Synthetic Systems

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Accounts of chemical research, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00415Conspectus: DNA is the molecule responsible for the storage and transmission of the genetic information in living organisms. The expression of this information is highly regulated. In eukaryotes, it is achieved mainly at the transcription level thanks to specialized proteins called transcription factors (TFs) that recognize specific DNA sequences, thereby promoting or inhibiting the transcription of particular genes. In many cases, TFs are present in the cell in an inactive form but become active in response to an external signal, which might modify their localization and DNA binding properties or modulate their interactions with the rest of the transcriptional machinery. As a result of the crucial role of TFs, the design of synthetic peptides or miniproteins that can emulate their DNA binding properties and eventually respond to external stimuli is of obvious interest. On the other hand, although the B-form double helix is the most common DNA secondary structure, it is not the only one with an essential biological function. Guanine quadruplexes (GQs) have received considerable attention due to their critical role in the regulation of gene expression, which is usually associated with a change in the GQ conformation. Thus, the development of GQ probes whose properties can be controlled using external signals is also of significant relevance. In this Account, we present a summary of the recent efforts toward the development of stimuli-responsive synthetic DNA binders with a particular emphasis on our own contributions. We first introduce the structure of B and GQ DNAs, and some of the main factors underlying their selective recognition. We then discuss some of the different approaches used for the design of stimulus-mediated DNA binders. We have organized our discussion according to whether the interaction takes place with duplex or guanine quadruplex DNAs, and each section is divided according to the nature of the stimulus (i.e., physical or chemical). Regarding physical stimuli, light (through the incorporation of photolabile protecting groups or photoisomerizable agents) is the most common input for the activation/deactivation of DNA binding events. With respect to chemical signals, the use of metals (through the incorporation of metal-coordinating groups in the DNA binding agent) has allowed the development of a wide range of stimuli-responsive DNA binders. More recently, redox-based systems have also been used to control DNA interactions. This Account ends with a “Conclusions and Outlook” section highlighting some of the general lessons that have been learned and future directions toward further advancing the fieldFinancial support from the Spanish Grants SAF2016-76689-R, RED2018-102417-T, RTI2018-099877-B-I00 the Xunta de Galicia (2015-CP082, ED431B 2018/04, ED431C-2017/19 and Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia accreditation 2019-2022, ED431G 2019/03), the European Union (European Regional Development Fund - ERDF), and the European Research Council (Advanced Grant No. 340055) are gratefully acknowledgedS

The ββα fold of zinc finger proteins as a “natural” protecting group. Chemoselective synthesis of a DNA-binding zinc finger derivative

We report the selective modification of cysteine residues engineered in peptides that have two additional cysteine residues as part of a Cys2His2 zinc finger motif. The chemoselective modification is achieved, thanks to the protecting effect exerted by the zinc cation upon coordination with the native cysteines and histidines of the zinc-finger fold. The strategy allows a straightforward synthesis of DNA binding zinc finger constructsWe acknowledge the support from the Spanish grants SAF2010-20822-C02, CTQ2009-14431/BQU, CSD2007-00006, the Xunta de Galicia GRC2010/12, GRC2013-041 and INCITE09 209 084PR. J. R. thanks the Fundación Gil Dávila and the Xunta de Galicia and J. M. the Spanish MCINN for their PhD fellowshipsS

Anion Recognition as a Supramolecular Switch of Cell Internalization

The cell internalization of designed oligoarginine peptides equipped with six glutamic acid residues and an anionic pyranine at the N-terminus is triggered upon addition of a supramolecular host. This host binds specifically to the pyranine moiety, enabling the complex to traverse the cell membrane. Interestingly, none of the components, neither the host nor the guest, are able to cross the cell membrane on their ownWe are thankful for the support given by the Spanish grants SAF2013-41943-R, CTQ2015-70698-R, and CTQ2013-49317-EXP, the Consellerı́a de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria (GRC2013-041 and Centro singular de investigación de Galicia accreditation 2016-2019, ED431G/09), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and the European Research Council (Advanced Grant No. 340055). Support of the orfeo-cinqa network (CTQ2014-51912-REDC) is kindly acknowledged. J.R. thanks the Xunta de Galicia for her Ph.D. fellowship, and J.M. thanks Fundación Ramón Areces for his postdoctoral fellowshipS

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C virus infection among alcoholic individuals: importance of screening and vaccination

Drug users have been reported to have an increased risk for acquisition of viral hepatitis. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection and usefulness of saliva for HBsAg and anti-HCV detection in alcoholic patients.A total of 90 alcoholic patients were recruited in 2013. HBsAg and anti-HCV were tested in serum and saliva, anti-HBc and anti-HBs were tested in serum using commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIA).Using serum samples, anti-HCV, HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs prevalences were 5.6%, 0%, 15.7%, and 29.2%. HBsAg detection in saliva showed 100% of specificity and anti-HCV detection demonstrated 100% of sensitivity and 94.7% of specificity. Low prevalence of HBV and high prevalence of anti-HCV were found and reinforced the recommendation of HBV vaccination to avoid the acute and chronic cases and HCV screening in this group to identify cases for antiviral therapy. Saliva samples could be used for anti-HCV detection in this population, what could increase the diagnosis access