70 research outputs found

    Desarrollo de vacunas en esquistosomosis: estudio preclínico utilizando moléculas unidas a ácidos grasos denominadas FABPs

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    Tesis por compendio de publicaciones[ES] Han pasado unos 160 años desde que Theodor von Siebold y Theodor Bilharz hicieron la primera descripción de una de las especies del género Schistosoma, S. haematobium (Cox et al., 2004) hasta que un grupo de investigadores liderados por Matt Berriman del Sanger Institute (UK) anotaran la primera secuencia del genoma de otra especie de Schistosoma, S. mansoni (Berriman et al., 2009). Durante este recorrido en el tiempo, Fujiro Katsurada descubre S. japonicum en el valle de Katayama y lo encuadra como una especie zoonótica. En la década de los sesenta se describieron otras especies de esquistosomas humanos como S. intercalatum y S. mekongi (Ohmae et al., 2004). En los últimos años se ha identificado una nueva especie en humanos denominada S. guineensis (Webster et al., 2006). La esquistosomiasis es adquirida por contacto con agua dulce contaminada con larvas natatorias -cercarias- del parásito, emitidas por diferentes especies de caracoles (hospedadores intermediarios), que penetran activamente por la piel. Tras su penetración, la cercaria pierde la cola transformándose en esquistosómula, la cual realiza una migración necesaria para su pre-maduración, pasando por los pulmones y volviendo a la circulación general para llegar finalmente a los vasos sanguíneos de diferentes localizaciones donde termina su maduración. Los vermes adultos de S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. mekongi y S. intercalatum se asientan en los vasos mesentéricos, y los de S. haematobium llegan a los vasos que irrigan la vejiga urinaria. En estas localizaciones, los vermes macho y hembra entran en contacto para su total maduración y comienzo de la oviposición. Los huevos del parásito comienzan a ser eliminados con la orina (S. haematobium) o las heces (otras especies) del individuo infectado tras un período que oscila entre 35 y 70 días, alcanzando el agua y liberando los miracidios que penetran en los caracoles de diversos géneros para transformarse y multiplicarse en su interior hasta convertirse en cercarias y así cerrar el ciclo biológico. Una minoría se quedan atrapados en diferentes tejidos, formando los granulomas que es el hecho patogénico principal y el que da lugar a los síntomas y signos clínicos que se presentan en la fase crónica de esta infección. Los datos epidemiológicos indican que 779 millones de personas viven en 76 países endémicos de esquistosomiasis. Además, se estima que existen 250 millones de personas infectadas (80% en África subsahariana), 120 millones con sintomatología, 20 millones con enfermedad grave y una mortalidad anual de 280.000. La incapacidad ponderada por año de vida (DALY) es de 1,35 millones (King et al., 2005). La mayor prevalencia en áreas endémicas es en los adolescentes y disminuye generalmente en edad adulta. Se estima entre 60-80% de infección activa en niños de edad escolar y del 20-40% en adultos (Colley et al., 2014). Respecto a su distribución geográfica, se conoce que en el continente americano solo existe S. mansoni. En África conviven S. haematobium, S. intercalatum y S. guineensis y en Asia habitan S. japonicum y S. mekongi. En Europa era considerada una enfermedad importada, aunque en los últimos años se han registrado casos autóctonos en Córcega (Francia) debidos a S. haematobium (Holtfreter et al., 2014), si bien algunos investigadores apuntan a la existencia de híbridos S. haematobium/S. bovis. Desde el punto de vista clínico, la esquistosomiasis puede debutar con prurito en las primeras 24 horas siguientes a la penetración de las cercarias a través de la piel. Este cuadro es más llamativo en personas infectadas por parásitos aviares. Se observa más en viajeros y pasa desapercibida en personas residentes en áreas endémicas (Meltzer et al., 2006). La fase aguda o también denominada “Fiebre de Katayama” (Ross et al., 2007) se produce entre las 2-8 semanas después de la exposición y se debe a la reacción inmunológica desencadenada frente a la fase de migración del parásito. Se caracteriza por presentar fiebre, lesiones cutáneas (exantema, urticaria), afectación pulmonar (tos, disnea) y eosinofilia. En general es autolimitada, aunque en algunas ocasiones los síntomas pueden persistir más de diez semanas presentando diarrea, pérdida de peso, dolor abdominal, hepatoesplenomegalia, etc. La fase crónica de la esquistosomiasis aparece meses o años después de la infección y se debe a la reacción granulomatosa formada en torno a los huevos atrapados en hígado, bazo, intestino y otras localizaciones más lejanas como pulmones y sistema nervioso. Se presenta con más frecuencia en personas residentes en áreas endémicas de la enfermedad. Los métodos de diagnóstico parasitológico directo Kato-katz (Katz et al., 1972) y filtración de orina son los más utilizados para detectar estos parasitosis sin embargo poseen escasa sensibilidad y no son efectivos en la fase aguda de a enfermedad. Se han desarrollado diferentes métodos serológicos tanto de detección de antígeno como de anticuerpos (Pardo et al., 2007). La detección de anticuerpos tiene la limitación de presentar reactividad cruzada con otras infecciones producidas por helmintos. En los últimos años se han desarrollado técnicas moleculares (PCR, LAMP, etc…) utilizando diferentes muestras biológicas (heces, orina,..) (Sandoval et al., 2006). El fármaco de elección para el tratamiento de la esquitosomosis es el praziquantel, la dosis recomendada es 20mg/Kg cada 12 horas. Este fármaco es muy efectivo frente a vermes adultos pero tiene poca efectividad frente a esquistosómulas. Esta puede ser la razón de la aparición de resistencias en zonas endémicas. No obstante, en estas zonas existen reinfecciones continuas por la exposición de la población a aguas contaminadas con la fase infectiva del parásito. Estas son las principales razones para desarrollar una vacuna efectiva contra esta importante parasitosis. En la actualidad no existe ninguna vacuna disponible y los escasos estudios con determinadas moléculas no han llegado a fases clínicas avanzadas

    Detection of Schistosoma mansoni-derived DNA in human urine samples by loopmediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)

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    [EN]Background Schistosoma mansoni is the main species causing hepatic and intestinal schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa, and it is the only species in South America. Adult stages of the parasite reside in the mesenteric venous plexus of infected hosts, and eggs are shed in feces. Collecting patient stool samples for S. mansoni diagnostic purposes is difficult in large-scale field trials. Urine samples would be an alternative approach for molecular S. mansoni detection since they have several advantages over stool samples, including better handling, management and storage. Additionally, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology is a powerful molecular diagnostic tool for infectious diseases, particularly under field conditions in developing countries. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of our previously developed LAMP assay (SmMIT-LAMP) for S. mansoni-specific detection in clinical urine samples. Methodology/Principal findings The sensitivity of SmMIT-LAMP in urine was established in simulated fresh human urine samples artificially spiked with genomic DNA from S. mansoni. LAMP for 120 min instead of 60 min improved the sensitivity, reaching values of 0.01 fg/μL. A set of well-defined frozen stored human urine samples collected from Sub-Saharan immigrant patients was selected from a biobank to evaluate the diagnostic validity of SmMIT-LAMP. The set included urine samples from patients with microscopy-confirmed infections with S. mansoni, S. haematobium and other nonschistosome parasites, as well as urine samples from patients with microscopy-negative eosinophilia without a confirmed diagnosis. The SmMIT-LAMP was incubated for 60 and 120 min. A longer incubation time was shown to increase the LAMPpositive results in patient urine samples. We also tested urine samples from mice experimentally infected with S. mansoni, and LAMP-positive results were obtained from the third week after infection. A real-time LAMP assay was also performed with three individual urine samples. Conclusions/Significance The SmMIT-LAMP could effectively detect S. mansoni DNA in mouse urine samples and produced promising results for human clinical samples. The detection of S. mansoni DNA in mouse urine samples from the third week after infection indicates that early diagnosis of active S. mansoni infection is possible using urine as a source of DNA. Further studies are still needed, but our method could be used as a promising molecular tool applicable to urine samples to diagnose human intestinal schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni

    Progress in loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Schistosoma mansoni DNA: towards a ready-to-use test

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    [ENG]Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent Neglected Tropical Disease, affecting approximately 250 million people worldwide. Schistosoma mansoni is the most important species causing human intestinal schistosomiasis. Despite significant efforts in recent decades, the global disease burden of schistosomiasis remains extremely high. This could partly be attributed to the absence of accurate diagnostic tools, primarily in endemic areas. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is increasingly used in molecular diagnostics as a field-friendly alternative to many other complex molecular methods and it has been proposed as an ideal candidate for revolutionizing point-of-care molecular diagnostics. In a previous work, a LAMP-based method to detect S. mansoni DNA (SmMIT-LAMP) was developed by our research group for early diagnosis of active schistosomiasis in an experimental infection murine model. The SmMIT-LAMP has been further successfully evaluated in both human stool and snail samples and, recently, in human urine samples. In this study, we developed an important improvement for SmMIT-LAMP molecular assay, transforming it into a cold maintenance dry format suitable for potentially manufacturing as kit for ready-to-use for schistosomiasis diagnosis. This procedure could be applied to create dry LAMP kits for a laboratory setting and for diagnostic applications for other neglected tropical diseases

    LAMPhimerus: a novel LAMP assay for detecting Amphimerus sp. DNA in human stool samples

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    [EN]Amphimeriasis, a fish-borne zoonotic disease caused by the liver fluke Amphimerus spp., is a highly prevalent parasitic infection affecting an indigenous Amerindian group, the Chachi, living in rural and remote tropical areas along the RõÂo Cayapas and its tributaries in the north-western coastal rainforest of Ecuador. Very little is known about the clinical course and treatment of this disease, and the only method for diagnosing it is the parasitological microscopic detection of eggs from Amphimerus spp. in patients' stool samples. This method lacks sensitivity, and the morphology of the eggs may be confounded with other liver and intestinal flukes. New diagnostic tools that can improve the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing Amphimerus spp. infection would be desirable. At present, LAMP technology shows all the characteristics required of a real-time assay with simple operation for potential use in the clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases, particularly in the field conditions in developing countries for most neglected tropical diseases. In this study, we developed and successfully evaluated a LAMP assay for detecting Amphimerus sp. in human stool samples. After further validation, our LAMP assay (LAMPhimerus) could be readily adapted for effective field diagnosis and disease surveillance in amphimeriasis- endemic areas

    Identification and Distribution of Human-Biting Ticks in Northwestern Spain

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    Ticks transmit a wide diversity of pathogens to a great variety of hosts, including humans. We conducted a tick surveillance study in northwestern Spain between 2014 and 2019. Ticks were removed from people and identified. Tick numbers, species, development stages, the timeline, seasonal and geographical distribution and epidemiological characteristics of people bitten by ticks were studied. We collected ticks from 8143 people. Nymphs of I. ricinus were the most frequently collected. Rhipicephalus bursa, R. sanguineus s.l., Hy. marginatum, Hy. lusitanicum, D. marginatus, D. reticulatus and H. punctata were also found, with adults as the main stage. The number of collected Hyalomma spp. and R. bursa has been progressively increasing over time. Although bites occurred throughout the year, the highest number of incidents was reported from April to July. The distribution patterns of the tick species were different between the north and the south of the region, which was related to cases detected in humans of the pathogens they carried. Adult men were more likely to be bitten by ticks than women. Ticks were most frequently removed from adults from the lower limbs, while for children, they were mainly attached to the head. Epidemiological surveillance is essential given the increase in tick populations in recent years, mainly of species potentially carrying pathogens causing emerging diseases in Spain, such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCFH).This research was funded by Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Sanidad.S

    Metabolomic profile of cancer stem cell-derived exosomes from patients with malignant melanoma

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    Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most aggressive and life-threatening form of skin cancer. It is characterized by an extraordinary metastasis capacity and chemotherapy resistance, mainly due to melanoma cancer stem cells (CSCs). To date, there are no suitable clinical diagnostic, prognostic or predictive biomarkers for this neoplasia. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new MM biomarkers that enable early diagnosis and effective disease monitoring. Exosomes represent a novel source of biomarkers since they can be easily isolated from different body fluids. In this work, a primary patient-derived MM cell line enriched in CSCs was characterized by assessing the expression of specific markers and their stem-like properties. Exosomes derived from CSCs and serums from patients with MM were characterized, and their metabolomic profile was analysed by highresolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) following an untargeted approach and applying univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. The aim of this study was to search potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of this disease. Our results showed significant metabolomic differences in exosomes derived from MM CSCs compared with those from differentiated tumour cells and also in serum-derived exosomes from patients with MM compared to those from healthy controls. Interestingly, we identified similarities between structural lipids differentially expressed in CSC-derived exosomes and those derived from patients with MM such as the glycerophosphocholine PC 16:0/0:0. To our knowledge, this is the first metabolomic-based study aimed at characterizing exosomes derived from melanoma CSCs and patients’ serum in order to identify potential biomarkers for MM diagnosis. We conclude that metabolomic characterization of CSC-derived exosomes sets an open door to the discovery of clinically useful biomarkers in this neoplasia.MICIU FPU15/03682 FPU15/02350Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU) MAT2015-62644.C2.2.R RTI2018-101309-BC2Instituto de Salud Carlos III PIE16-00045Junta de Andalucía SOMM17/6109/UGR (UCE-PP2017-3)European Union (EU) SOMM17/6109/UGR (UCE-PP2017-3)Chair 'Doctors Galera-Requena in cancer stem cell research' CMC-CTS963Fundación MEDIN

    Resumen ejecutivo del documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC) sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento antimicrobiano de las infecciones por bacterias gramnegativas resistentes a carbapenémicos

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    [EN] Infections caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria are becoming a worldwide problem due to their increasing incidence and associated high mortality. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are the most important in clinical practice. The objective of these guidelines is to update the recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by these multidrug resistant bacteria. Although ‘old’ antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, colistin, or tigecycline are frequently used for therapy of these bacteria, the ‘new’ beta-lactams such as ceftazidime–avibactam, ceftolozane–tazobactam, meropenem–vaborbactam, imipenem–cilastatin–relebactam or cefiderocol are progressively becoming the first-line therapy for most of these microorganisms. The Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica) designated a panel of experts in the field to provide evidence-based recommendations in response to common clinical questions. This document is primarily focused on microbiological diagnosis, clinical management, and targeted antimicrobial therapy of these infections, with special attention to defining the role of the new antimicrobials in the treatment of these bacteria.[ES] Las infecciones causadas por bacterias gramnegativas multirresistentes se han convertido en un problema mundial debido a su creciente incidencia y alta mortalidad asociada. Las bacterias resistentes a carbapenémicos como Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii son las más importantes en la práctica clínica. El objetivo de este documento de consenso es actualizar las recomendaciones sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento de las infecciones causadas por estas bacterias multirresistentes. Aunque los antibióticos ‘antiguos’ como aminoglucósidos, colistina o tigeciclina se utilizan con frecuencia en el tratamiento de estas bacterias, los ‘nuevos’ betalactámicos como ceftazidima-avibactam, ceftolozano-tazobactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-cilastatina-relebactam o cefiderocol se están convirtiendo de forma progresiva en el tratamiento de primera elección para la mayoría de estos microorganismos. La Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica ha designado un grupo de expertos en la materia para elaborar una guía de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia sobre las cuestiones clínicas más habituales. Este documento está principalmente centrado en el diagnóstico microbiológico, el manejo clínico y el tratamiento dirigido de estas infecciones, con especial referencia a definir el papel de los nuevos antimicrobianos en el tratamiento de estas bacterias.Peer reviewe
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