Efectes de l'administració de l'ornitina fenilacetat (OCR-002) en pacients amb cirrosi hepàtica i hemorràgia digestiva alta

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major complication of cirrhosis associated with high mortality and poor quality of life. Multiple risk factors have been classically associated with the development of HE, including upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). UGIB induces a status of hyperammonemia through the intraluminal digestion of blood nitrogenous compounds by colonic bacteria. In addition, the catabolic status caused by gastrointestinal bleeding provokes an increase in ammoniagenesis in different tissues. Ammonia and its transformation to glutamine in the astrocyte appear to be a key factor in HE development and pathogenesis. Current strategies for the treatment of HE have been focused on lowering ammonia production. Ornithine phenylacetate (OP) is a new drug proposed as an ammonia scavenger, our first trial proved that OP is a safe and well tolerated drug in decompensated cirrhotics, and confirmed the mechanism of action: decrease plasma ammonia by inducing its appearance as phenylacetylglutamine in urine. In the second trial we assess OP efficacy in lowering plasma ammonia levels vs. placebo in cirrhotic patients after UGIB. The primary outcome was a decrease in venous plasma ammonia during the first 24h of 25 µmol/L, this outcome was not archived, but dose of 10g/day proved to decreases plasma ammonia in cirrhotic patients, especially in Child-Pugh C patients, the data suggest that higher doses of OP might be required in Child-Pugh A and B patients to maximize ammonia elimination, and proved once again the proposed mechanism of action as well as the safety of the drug. L'encefalopatia hepàtica (EH) és una complicació de la cirrosis hepática associada a un augment de la mortalitat i a una disminució en la qualitat de vida. El desenvolupament de l'EH s'ha associat amb múltiples factors de risc, entre ells destaca l'hemorràgia digestiva alta (HDA). L'HDA indueix un estat d'hiperamonièmia secundari a la digestió dels components nitrogenats de la sang arribada a nivell intestinal per part de la flora colònica. A més a més l'HDA provoca un estat catabòlic que causa un augment de l'amoniagènesi en diferents teixits. L'amoni a través de la seva transformació en glutamina a nivell astrocitari sembla el factor clau en el desenvolupament de l'EH. Fins ara els tractament per a l'EH s'han centrat en la disminució de la producció d'amoni. L'ornitina fenilacetat (OP) és un nou fàrmac que s'ha postulat com a eliminador d'amoni. El nostre primer assaig clínic demostra que l'OP és un fàrmac segur i ben tolerat en pacients amb cirrosis hepàtica descompensats per una HDA, a més amés en confirma el mecanisme d'acció: la disminució d'amoni plasmàtic a través de la formació de fenilacetilglutamina i posterior eliminació en orina. El segon assaig clínic compara l'eficàcia de l'OP contra placebo en disminuir l'amoni plasmàtic en pacients cirròtics descompensats per una HDA. L'objectiu principal era assolir una disminució de l'amoni plasmàtic, per part del grup que va rebre OP, durant les primeres 24h de 25 µmol/L. Aquest objectiu no va ser assolit, però la dosis administrada de 10g/24h va demostrar que disminuir l'amoni plasmàtic durant tot l'estudi, especialment en els pacients amb Child-Pugh C. Les dades obtingudes suggereixen que els pacient amb Child-Pugh A i B podrien necessitar dosis majors de fàrmac. L'estudi confirma un cop més el mecanisme d'acció del fàrmac, així com la seva seguretat i tolerabilitat

Defective HNF4alpha-dependent gene expression as a driver of hepatocellular failure in alcoholic hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a life-threatening condition characterized by profound hepatocellular dysfunction for which targeted treatments are urgently needed. Identification of molecular drivers is hampered by the lack of suitable animal models. By performing RNA sequencing in livers from patients with different phenotypes of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), we show that development of AH is characterized by defective activity of liver-enriched transcription factors (LETFs). TGFβ1 is a key upstream transcriptome regulator in AH and induces the use of HNF4α P2 promoter in hepatocytes, which results in defective metabolic and synthetic functions. Gene polymorphisms in LETFs including HNF4α are not associated with the development of AH. In contrast, epigenetic studies show that AH livers have profound changes in DNA methylation state and chromatin remodeling, affecting HNF4α-dependent gene expression. We conclude that targeting TGFβ1 and epigenetic drivers that modulate HNF4α-dependent gene expression could be beneficial to improve hepatocellular function in patients with AH

Efectes de l’administració de l’ornitina fenilacetat (OCR-002) en pacients amb cirrosi hepàtica i hemorràgia digestiva alta

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major complication of cirrhosis associated with high mortality and poor quality of life. Multiple risk factors have been classically associated with the development of HE, including upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). UGIB induces a status of hyperammonemia through the intraluminal digestion of blood nitrogenous compounds by colonic bacteria. In addition, the catabolic status caused by gastrointestinal bleeding provokes an increase in ammoniagenesis in different tissues. Ammonia and its transformation to glutamine in the astrocyte appear to be a key factor in HE development and pathogenesis. Current strategies for the treatment of HE have been focused on lowering ammonia production. Ornithine phenylacetate (OP) is a new drug proposed as an ammonia scavenger, our first trial proved that OP is a safe and well tolerated drug in decompensated cirrhotics, and confirmed the mechanism of action: decrease plasma ammonia by inducing its appearance as phenylacetylglutamine in urine. In the second trial we assess OP efficacy in lowering plasma ammonia levels vs. placebo in cirrhotic patients after UGIB. The primary outcome was a decrease in venous plasma ammonia during the first 24h of 25 µmol/L, this outcome was not archived, but dose of 10g/day proved to decreases plasma ammonia in cirrhotic patients, especially in Child-Pugh C patients, the data suggest that higher doses of OP might be required in Child-Pugh A and B patients to maximize ammonia elimination, and proved once again the proposed mechanism of action as well as the safety of the drug. L’encefalopatia hepàtica (EH) és una complicació de la cirrosis hepática associada a un augment de la mortalitat i a una disminució en la qualitat de vida. El desenvolupament de l’EH s’ha associat amb múltiples factors de risc, entre ells destaca l’hemorràgia digestiva alta (HDA). L’HDA indueix un estat d’hiperamonièmia secundari a la digestió dels components nitrogenats de la sang arribada a nivell intestinal per part de la flora colònica. A més a més l’HDA provoca un estat catabòlic que causa un augment de l’amoniagènesi en diferents teixits. L’amoni a través de la seva transformació en glutamina a nivell astrocitari sembla el factor clau en el desenvolupament de l’EH. Fins ara els tractament per a l’EH s’han centrat en la disminució de la producció d’amoni. L’ornitina fenilacetat (OP) és un nou fàrmac que s’ha postulat com a eliminador d’amoni. El nostre primer assaig clínic demostra que l’OP és un fàrmac segur i ben tolerat en pacients amb cirrosis hepàtica descompensats per una HDA, a més amés en confirma el mecanisme d’acció: la disminució d’amoni plasmàtic a través de la formació de fenilacetilglutamina i posterior eliminació en orina. El segon assaig clínic compara l’eficàcia de l’OP contra placebo en disminuir l’amoni plasmàtic en pacients cirròtics descompensats per una HDA. L’objectiu principal era assolir una disminució de l’amoni plasmàtic, per part del grup que va rebre OP, durant les primeres 24h de 25 µmol/L. Aquest objectiu no va ser assolit, però la dosis administrada de 10g/24h va demostrar que disminuir l’amoni plasmàtic durant tot l’estudi, especialment en els pacients amb Child-Pugh C. Les dades obtingudes suggereixen que els pacient amb Child-Pugh A i B podrien necessitar dosis majors de fàrmac. L’estudi confirma un cop més el mecanisme d’acció del fàrmac, així com la seva seguretat i tolerabilitat

Duration of the acute hepatic encephalopathy episode determines survival in cirrhotic patients

Altres ajuts: MST is a recipient of a Río Hortega grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. JG is a recipient of a Research Intensification grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. MVC is a recipient of a scholarship grant for study extension abroad, sponsored by the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver. CIBERehd is supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.Episodes of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) have been related to low survival rate. However, the relation between its clinical evolution and mortality has not been assessed. A retrospective analysis of 245 cirrhotic patients admitted for an acute episode of HE (⩾grade 2) or who developed an HE episode after an upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) event was performed to assess the relation between time in HE and transplant-free survival. Median (IQR) time in HE was 48 h (24-96 h) in the whole cohort. Patients who presented a longer time in HE (>48 h; n = 89) exhibited a lower transplant-free survival at 28 days (67.2% versus 88.9%, p 48 h, when comparing patients according to baseline HE grade (2 versus ⩾3) or model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) function (⩽15 versus >15). Time in HE was also an independent risk factor for mortality at each time point, hazard ratio (HR) (95 CI%) 28 days 2.59 (1.39-4.84); 90 days 1.98 (1.28-3.1) and 365 days 1.5 (1.08-2.19). The duration of the acute HE episode determines survival in cirrhotic patients independently of liver function and baseline HE grade

Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease

Chronic liver disease due to alcohol-use disorder contributes markedly to the global burden of disease and mortality. Alcoholic hepatitis is a severe and life-threatening form of alcohol-associated liver disease. The gut microbiota promotes ethanol-induced liver disease in mice, but little is known about the microbial factors that are responsible for this process. Here we identify cytolysin-a two-subunit exotoxin that is secreted by Enterococcus faecalis-as a cause of hepatocyte death and liver injury. Compared with non-alcoholic individuals or patients with alcohol-use disorder, patients with alcoholic hepatitis have increased faecal numbers of E. faecalis. The presence of cytolysin-positive (cytolytic) E. faecalis correlated with the severity of liver disease and with mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Using humanized mice that were colonized with bacteria from the faeces of patients with alcoholic hepatitis, we investigated the therapeutic effects of bacteriophages that target cytolytic E. faecalis. We found that these bacteriophages decrease cytolysin in the liver and abolish ethanol-induced liver disease in humanized mice. Our findings link cytolytic E. faecalis with more severe clinical outcomes and increased mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. We show that bacteriophages can specifically target cytolytic E. faecalis, which provides a method for precisely editing the intestinal microbiota. A clinical trial with a larger cohort is required to validate the relevance of our findings in humans, and to test whether this therapeutic approach is effective for patients with alcoholic hepatitis

Defective HNF4alpha-dependent gene expression as a driver of hepatocellular failure in alcoholic hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a life-threatening condition characterized by profound hepatocellular dysfunction for which targeted treatments are urgently needed. Identification of molecular drivers is hampered by the lack of suitable animal models. By performing RNA sequencing in livers from patients with different phenotypes of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), we show that development of AH is characterized by defective activity of liver-enriched transcription factors (LETFs). TGFβ1 is a key upstream transcriptome regulator in AH and induces the use of HNF4α P2 promoter in hepatocytes, which results in defective metabolic and synthetic functions. Gene polymorphisms in LETFs including HNF4α are not associated with the development of AH. In contrast, epigenetic studies show that AH livers have profound changes in DNA methylation state and chromatin remodeling, affecting HNF4α-dependent gene expression. We conclude that targeting TGFβ1 and epigenetic drivers that modulate HNF4α-dependent gene expression could be beneficial to improve hepatocellular function in patients with AH