A Split Mouth Randomized Clinical Comparative Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Gingival Depigmentation Procedure Using Conventional Scalpel Technique or Diode Laser

Introduction: Dark or black coloured gingiva is an esthetic concern especially in subjects with high lip line or gummy smile. Gingival depigmentation procedure is a type of perioplastic surgery where the gingival epithelium is excised with various techniques to lighten the colour of the gingiva. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of gingival depigmentation procedure with conventional scalpel technique and diode laser application.Methods: This split mouth randomized study was conducted on 12 subjects (18–40 years of age), exhibiting melanin hyperpigmentation of gingiva. The anterior labial sextant of maxilla and mandible were divided into two halves involving three anterior teeth i.e. central incisor, lateral incisor and canine on each side. The divided areas were randomly allotted for depigmentation procedure either with scalpel technique or diode laser operating at 980 nm wavelength. Various parameters such as bleeding, pain, difficulty of procedure and wound healing were assessed and compared between the two techniques. The level of melanin pigment was assessed with Dummette Gupta index and photographic analysis with the help of adobe software. The subjects were followed up to one year to see for recurrence of melanin pigmentation.Results: Bleeding during surgery, pain score and difficulty of procedure assessed by the operator were statistically higher for scalpel technique as compared to laser technique. Wound healing did not show any statistical significant difference between both techniques. Gingival depigmentation procedures with scalpel as well as laser technique were effective when compared preoperatively and at consecutive postoperative visits, and this was statistically significant. Comparison of melanin depigmentation procedure between scalpel and laser technique did not show any significant differences at all postoperative intervals.Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that gingival depigmentation was effective with both scalpel and laser techniques. However, the laser treated sites showed reduced pain experienced by the patient and better operator comfort. Slight melanin repigmentation was observed in three subjects treated with scalpel depigmentation procedure at the end of one year

A retrospective study to assess and correlate maternal periodontal status with term of pregnancy and weight of newborn

Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the tooth supporting structures; studies have shown that it also affects the systemic health and conditions like pregnancy. With this background the present retrospective study was conducted to assess and correlate periodontal status of pregnant women with their pregnancy outcome.Methods: A total of 150 pregnant women two days postpartum were examined for periodontal status using following parameters: Oral hygiene index- simplified (OHI-S), modified gingival index (MGI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The level of education, body mass index (BMI), gestational age and weight of the baby were recorded and correlated with the periodontal status.Results: Out of 150 women, 83 (55.3%) women suffered from gingivitis and 67 (44.7%) had periodontitis. The incidence of preterm low birth weight babies was seen in 65 (43.33%) women. Body mass index, education level and periodontal disease were significantly associated with preterm low birth weight infants.Conclusions: A significant association was found between periodontitis and preterm low birth infants. The promotion of early detection and treatment of periodontal diseases in women before and during pregnancy will be beneficial. This will minimize the cost of post natal care and morbidity in the new born

Passblot: A Highly Scalable Graphical One Time Password System

ABSTRACT User authentication is necessary to secure the data and process on Internet and in digital device

Evaluation and Comparison of Two Commercially Available Mouthrinses in Reducing Aerolised Bacteria During Ultrasonic Scaling When Used as a Preprocedural Rinse.

Objective:To compare and evaluate the effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and commercially available herbal mouthrinse in reducing aerolized bacteria when used as a preprocedural mouth rinse.Materials and Methods:A total of 45 patients were selected and randomly divided into three groups. Group I consisted of 15 patients who rinsed with distilled water for 60 seconds. Group II consisted of 15 patients who rinsed with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash (Clohex®) for 60 seconds and Group III consisted of 15 patients who rinsed with herbal mouthwash (Hiora®) for 60 seconds. Aerosols produced during the oral prophylaxis procedure were collected on blood agar plates by exposing the plates at patient’s and dentist’s chest area and the exposed plates were incubated at 37°c aerobically for 48 hours. The number of colony forming units (CFU) in aerosol and CFU in the saliva were counted and statistically analyzed. Results:Reduction in the bacterial load using 0.2% of chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash is found to be significant at both patient’s and dentist’s chest area in aerosol produced during scaling followed by herbal mouthrinse.Conclusion:The results of the present study clearly indicate that pre-procedural rinsing with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate was significantly more effective than herbal mouthrinse in reducing the aerolized bacteria during ultrasonic scaling. Therefore a pre-procedural rinse can significantly reduce the risk for cross contamination

Effectiveness of a novel topical anesthetic gel in patients undergoing non surgical periodontal therapy.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of a topical anesthetic gel containing potassium nitrate, benzocaine and tetracaine in patients undergoing non surgical periodontal therapy. Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, split mouth design trial carried out in 300 patients. Two quadrants in each patient were selected for non surgical periodontal therapy. The drug gel and placebo were liberally applied over the teeth and gingiva on the selected quadrants and the treatment was started after two minutes. Patients were asked to evaluate their pain experience at the end of treatment of their respective quadrants using verbal rating scale. Results: The mean pain score on using the drug gel was 0.433+0.737 as compared to the mean pain score of 2.35+0.761 on using the placebo gel, and the results were statistically significant. The drug gel out performed the placebo gel. None of the patients reported of any local or systemic side effects. Conclusions: The topical anesthetic gel provided excellent pain control for the patients undergoing non surgical periodontal therapy. It can also be considered as a good option during periodontal examination and maintenance visits to increase the patients comfort

PANC Study (Pancreatitis: A National Cohort Study): national cohort study examining the first 30 days from presentation of acute pancreatitis in the UK

Abstract Background Acute pancreatitis is a common, yet complex, emergency surgical presentation. Multiple guidelines exist and management can vary significantly. The aim of this first UK, multicentre, prospective cohort study was to assess the variation in management of acute pancreatitis to guide resource planning and optimize treatment. Methods All patients aged greater than or equal to 18 years presenting with acute pancreatitis, as per the Atlanta criteria, from March to April 2021 were eligible for inclusion and followed up for 30 days. Anonymized data were uploaded to a secure electronic database in line with local governance approvals. Results A total of 113 hospitals contributed data on 2580 patients, with an equal sex distribution and a mean age of 57 years. The aetiology was gallstones in 50.6 per cent, with idiopathic the next most common (22.4 per cent). In addition to the 7.6 per cent with a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, 20.1 per cent of patients had a previous episode of acute pancreatitis. One in 20 patients were classed as having severe pancreatitis, as per the Atlanta criteria. The overall mortality rate was 2.3 per cent at 30 days, but rose to one in three in the severe group. Predictors of death included male sex, increased age, and frailty; previous acute pancreatitis and gallstones as aetiologies were protective. Smoking status and body mass index did not affect death. Conclusion Most patients presenting with acute pancreatitis have a mild, self-limiting disease. Rates of patients with idiopathic pancreatitis are high. Recurrent attacks of pancreatitis are common, but are likely to have reduced risk of death on subsequent admissions. </jats:sec

Brosses de polymères stimuli-sensibles pour le contrôle de l'adhésion cellulaire

The aim of the current Ph.D thesis was to design stimuli responsive polymer brushes in order to dynamic control cell-substrate adhesive interactions.For this purpose, Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and Activators Regenerated by electron Transfer (ARGET)-ATRP were used in order to prepare thermo responsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes. Both the methods were applied under varying surface densities and polymerization times, and the kinetics of the brush growth using both the protocols was investigated. A well controlled chain growth was reported under ARGET-ATRP protocol, in contrast to the ATRP method. The above tested protocol was used to grow PNIPAM brushes that were patterned via deep UV photoablation strategy to design thermoresponsive patterned substrates for protein adsorption studies.The substrates showed excellent adhesive properties and reusability with long term storage capacity.The conformational changes of PNIPAM brushes, grown via the ARGET-ATRP protocol, were investigated using an original set-up based on Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy (RICM). RICM allowed us to probe the optical response of the brushes as a function of their density profile, making it an interesting tool for brush characterization. The response of the brush was studied as a function of brush grafting density and chain length. The results provided a unique evidence for non-uniform structural changes within the brush thickness when the solvent temperature was varied across the Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) of the polymer. RICM was employed to achieve the challenging task of estimating the molecular parameters of the brush and understanding the physical origin of the phenomenon of thermal hysteresis in a polymer brush.Stimuli Responsive Polymers, sensitive to non-invasive stimuli, were synthesized with an aim to address dynamic single cell adhesion studies at their physiological conditions. Free Radical Polymerization and ARGET-ATRP protocol were used to design two photo-thermo-responsive poly(DMA-AZAA) and poly(DMA-NIPAM-AZAAm) polymers. The conformational changes of the designed polymers were investigated at length by varying the overall composition of monomers in the system. The solutions of the DMA-NIPAM-AZAAm terpolymer showed a sharp phase separation at 37°C that could be reversibly switched under light irradiation, making it compatible for cell adhesion studies.Le but de cette thèse de doctorat était de concevoir des brosses de polymères stimuli-sensibles afin de contrôler dynamiquement les interactions adhésives entre une cellule et son substrat.Pour cela, nous avons utilisé la polymérisation radicalaire par transfert d'atomes (ATRP) initiée en surface, et sa variante permettant de régénérer in situ le catalyseur de polymérisation (ARGET-ATRP), pour préparer des brosses thermo-sensibles de poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). Les deux méthodes ont été appliquées pour différentes densités surfaciques et temps de polymérisation, et les cinétiques de croissance de la brosse à l'aide des deux protocoles ont été étudiés. Une croissance de chaîne bien contrôlée a été observée avec le protocole ARGET-ATRP, mais pas avec la méthode ATRP. Le protocole testé ci-dessus a été utilisé pour fabriquer des brosses de PNIPAM qui ont été patternées par l'intermédiaire d'une stratégie d'ablation aux UV profonds, afin de concevoir des substrats permettant de contrôler spatialement l'adsorption de protéines. Ces substrats ont montré d'excellentes propriétés adhésives, sont réutilisables et peuvent se stocker sur de longues périodes.Les changements conformationnels de brosses PNIPAM ont été sondés grâce à un dispositif original mis en place sur la base d'un microscope en réflexion à contraste d'interférences (RICM). La technique RICM a permis d'estimer la réponse optique des brosses en fonction de leur profil de hauteur, ce qui en fait un outil intéressant pour leur caractérisation. La réponse de la brosse a été étudiée en fonction de sa densité de greffage et de la longueur de chaîne. Les résultats ont fourni une preuve unique de l'existence d'un phénomène de séparation de phase verticale, donnant lieu à des changements structurels non-uniformes dans les brosses lors du passage de la température inférieure de solubilité du PNIPAM dans l'eau. Le RICM a été utilisé pour réaliser la tâche complexe d'estimer les paramètres moléculaires de la brosse et la compréhension de l'origine physique du phénomène d'hystérésis thermique dans une brosse de polymère.De nouveaux polymères stimuli-sensibles ont été synthétisés dans le but d'obtenir des systèmes d'intérêt pour les études biologiques en conditions physiologiques. Nous avons conçus différents co-polymères photo-thermo-sensibles à base d'acrylamides et d'acrylates. Les changements de conformation des polymères conçus ont été étudiés en détail en faisant varier la composition globale des monomères dans le système. Nous avons identifié une composition de ter-polymères dont les solutions aqueuses ont montré une séparation de phase à 37°C qui peut être réversible sous irradiation lumineuse, ce qui la rend compatible pour les études d'adhésion cellulaire

Brosses de polymères stimuli-sensibles pour le contrôle de l'adhésion cellulaire

The aim of the current Ph.D thesis was to design stimuli responsive polymer brushes in order to dynamic control cell-substrate adhesive interactions.For this purpose, Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and Activators Regenerated by electron Transfer (ARGET)-ATRP were used in order to prepare thermo responsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes. Both the methods were applied under varying surface densities and polymerization times, and the kinetics of the brush growth using both the protocols was investigated. A well controlled chain growth was reported under ARGET-ATRP protocol, in contrast to the ATRP method. The above tested protocol was used to grow PNIPAM brushes that were patterned via deep UV photoablation strategy to design thermoresponsive patterned substrates for protein adsorption studies.The substrates showed excellent adhesive properties and reusability with long term storage capacity.The conformational changes of PNIPAM brushes, grown via the ARGET-ATRP protocol, were investigated using an original set-up based on Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy (RICM). RICM allowed us to probe the optical response of the brushes as a function of their density profile, making it an interesting tool for brush characterization. The response of the brush was studied as a function of brush grafting density and chain length. The results provided a unique evidence for non-uniform structural changes within the brush thickness when the solvent temperature was varied across the Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) of the polymer. RICM was employed to achieve the challenging task of estimating the molecular parameters of the brush and understanding the physical origin of the phenomenon of thermal hysteresis in a polymer brush.Stimuli Responsive Polymers, sensitive to non-invasive stimuli, were synthesized with an aim to address dynamic single cell adhesion studies at their physiological conditions. Free Radical Polymerization and ARGET-ATRP protocol were used to design two photo-thermo-responsive poly(DMA-AZAA) and poly(DMA-NIPAM-AZAAm) polymers. The conformational changes of the designed polymers were investigated at length by varying the overall composition of monomers in the system. The solutions of the DMA-NIPAM-AZAAm terpolymer showed a sharp phase separation at 37°C that could be reversibly switched under light irradiation, making it compatible for cell adhesion studies.Le but de cette thèse de doctorat était de concevoir des brosses de polymères stimuli-sensibles afin de contrôler dynamiquement les interactions adhésives entre une cellule et son substrat.Pour cela, nous avons utilisé la polymérisation radicalaire par transfert d'atomes (ATRP) initiée en surface, et sa variante permettant de régénérer in situ le catalyseur de polymérisation (ARGET-ATRP), pour préparer des brosses thermo-sensibles de poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). Les deux méthodes ont été appliquées pour différentes densités surfaciques et temps de polymérisation, et les cinétiques de croissance de la brosse à l'aide des deux protocoles ont été étudiés. Une croissance de chaîne bien contrôlée a été observée avec le protocole ARGET-ATRP, mais pas avec la méthode ATRP. Le protocole testé ci-dessus a été utilisé pour fabriquer des brosses de PNIPAM qui ont été patternées par l'intermédiaire d'une stratégie d'ablation aux UV profonds, afin de concevoir des substrats permettant de contrôler spatialement l'adsorption de protéines. Ces substrats ont montré d'excellentes propriétés adhésives, sont réutilisables et peuvent se stocker sur de longues périodes.Les changements conformationnels de brosses PNIPAM ont été sondés grâce à un dispositif original mis en place sur la base d'un microscope en réflexion à contraste d'interférences (RICM). La technique RICM a permis d'estimer la réponse optique des brosses en fonction de leur profil de hauteur, ce qui en fait un outil intéressant pour leur caractérisation. La réponse de la brosse a été étudiée en fonction de sa densité de greffage et de la longueur de chaîne. Les résultats ont fourni une preuve unique de l'existence d'un phénomène de séparation de phase verticale, donnant lieu à des changements structurels non-uniformes dans les brosses lors du passage de la température inférieure de solubilité du PNIPAM dans l'eau. Le RICM a été utilisé pour réaliser la tâche complexe d'estimer les paramètres moléculaires de la brosse et la compréhension de l'origine physique du phénomène d'hystérésis thermique dans une brosse de polymère.De nouveaux polymères stimuli-sensibles ont été synthétisés dans le but d'obtenir des systèmes d'intérêt pour les études biologiques en conditions physiologiques. Nous avons conçus différents co-polymères photo-thermo-sensibles à base d'acrylamides et d'acrylates. Les changements de conformation des polymères conçus ont été étudiés en détail en faisant varier la composition globale des monomères dans le système. Nous avons identifié une composition de ter-polymères dont les solutions aqueuses ont montré une séparation de phase à 37°C qui peut être réversible sous irradiation lumineuse, ce qui la rend compatible pour les études d'adhésion cellulaire

Stimuli-responsive polymer brushes for on-chip cell adhesion control

Le but de cette thèse de doctorat était de concevoir des brosses de polymères stimuli-sensibles afin de contrôler dynamiquement les interactions adhésives entre une cellule et son substrat.Pour cela, nous avons utilisé la polymérisation radicalaire par transfert d'atomes (ATRP) initiée en surface, et sa variante permettant de régénérer in situ le catalyseur de polymérisation (ARGET-ATRP), pour préparer des brosses thermo-sensibles de poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). Les deux méthodes ont été appliquées pour différentes densités surfaciques et temps de polymérisation, et les cinétiques de croissance de la brosse à l'aide des deux protocoles ont été étudiés. Une croissance de chaîne bien contrôlée a été observée avec le protocole ARGET-ATRP, mais pas avec la méthode ATRP. Le protocole testé ci-dessus a été utilisé pour fabriquer des brosses de PNIPAM qui ont été patternées par l'intermédiaire d'une stratégie d'ablation aux UV profonds, afin de concevoir des substrats permettant de contrôler spatialement l'adsorption de protéines. Ces substrats ont montré d'excellentes propriétés adhésives, sont réutilisables et peuvent se stocker sur de longues périodes.Les changements conformationnels de brosses PNIPAM ont été sondés grâce à un dispositif original mis en place sur la base d'un microscope en réflexion à contraste d'interférences (RICM). La technique RICM a permis d'estimer la réponse optique des brosses en fonction de leur profil de hauteur, ce qui en fait un outil intéressant pour leur caractérisation. La réponse de la brosse a été étudiée en fonction de sa densité de greffage et de la longueur de chaîne. Les résultats ont fourni une preuve unique de l'existence d'un phénomène de séparation de phase verticale, donnant lieu à des changements structurels non-uniformes dans les brosses lors du passage de la température inférieure de solubilité du PNIPAM dans l'eau. Le RICM a été utilisé pour réaliser la tâche complexe d'estimer les paramètres moléculaires de la brosse et la compréhension de l'origine physique du phénomène d'hystérésis thermique dans une brosse de polymère.De nouveaux polymères stimuli-sensibles ont été synthétisés dans le but d'obtenir des systèmes d'intérêt pour les études biologiques en conditions physiologiques. Nous avons conçus différents co-polymères photo-thermo-sensibles à base d'acrylamides et d'acrylates. Les changements de conformation des polymères conçus ont été étudiés en détail en faisant varier la composition globale des monomères dans le système. Nous avons identifié une composition de ter-polymères dont les solutions aqueuses ont montré une séparation de phase à 37°C qui peut être réversible sous irradiation lumineuse, ce qui la rend compatible pour les études d'adhésion cellulaire.The aim of the current Ph.D thesis was to design stimuli responsive polymer brushes in order to dynamic control cell-substrate adhesive interactions.For this purpose, Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and Activators Regenerated by electron Transfer (ARGET)-ATRP were used in order to prepare thermo responsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes. Both the methods were applied under varying surface densities and polymerization times, and the kinetics of the brush growth using both the protocols was investigated. A well controlled chain growth was reported under ARGET-ATRP protocol, in contrast to the ATRP method. The above tested protocol was used to grow PNIPAM brushes that were patterned via deep UV photoablation strategy to design thermoresponsive patterned substrates for protein adsorption studies.The substrates showed excellent adhesive properties and reusability with long term storage capacity.The conformational changes of PNIPAM brushes, grown via the ARGET-ATRP protocol, were investigated using an original set-up based on Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy (RICM). RICM allowed us to probe the optical response of the brushes as a function of their density profile, making it an interesting tool for brush characterization. The response of the brush was studied as a function of brush grafting density and chain length. The results provided a unique evidence for non-uniform structural changes within the brush thickness when the solvent temperature was varied across the Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) of the polymer. RICM was employed to achieve the challenging task of estimating the molecular parameters of the brush and understanding the physical origin of the phenomenon of thermal hysteresis in a polymer brush.Stimuli Responsive Polymers, sensitive to non-invasive stimuli, were synthesized with an aim to address dynamic single cell adhesion studies at their physiological conditions. Free Radical Polymerization and ARGET-ATRP protocol were used to design two photo-thermo-responsive poly(DMA-AZAA) and poly(DMA-NIPAM-AZAAm) polymers. The conformational changes of the designed polymers were investigated at length by varying the overall composition of monomers in the system. The solutions of the DMA-NIPAM-AZAAm terpolymer showed a sharp phase separation at 37°C that could be reversibly switched under light irradiation, making it compatible for cell adhesion studies