Antihypertensive peptides from milk proteins

Peer reviewe

A Single Drop in the Eye – Effects on the Whole Body

Peer reviewe

Biologinen versus hoidollinen samanarvoisuus

Kommentti Jaana E. Martikaisen et al. kirjoitukseen SLL 71(21):1544-1546, 210

Terveyskeskuksen vuodeosasto varaa pitää kunnossa

Pirkkalainen 18.10.201

Mikä verenpainelukema on todellinen?

Kommentt

Many faces of renin-angiotensin system - focus on eye

Peer reviewe

Local ocular renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : any connection with intraocular pressure? A comprehensive review

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the oldest and most extensively studied human peptide cascades, well-known for its role in regulating blood pressure. When aldosterone is included, RAAS is involved also in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. There are two main axes of RAAS: (1) Angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor (ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR), (2) Angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ACE1-AngII-AT1R). In its entirety, RAAS comprises dozens of angiotensin peptides, peptidases and seven receptors. The first mentioned axis is known to counterbalance the deleterious effects of the latter axis. In addition to the systemic RAAS, tissue-specific regulatory systems have been described in various organs, evidence that RAAS is both an endocrine and an autocrine system. These local regulatory systems, such as the one present in the vascular endothelium, are responsible for long-term regional changes. A local RAAS and its components have been detected in many structures of the human eye. This review focuses on the local ocular RAAS in the anterior part of the eye, its possible role in aqueous humour dynamics and intraocular pressure as well as RAAS as a potential target for anti-glaucomatous drugs.KEY MESSAGES Components of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system have been detected in different structures of the human eye, introducing the concept of a local intraocular renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Evidence is accumulating that the local ocular RAAS is involved in aqueous humour dynamics, regulation of intraocular pressure, neuroprotection and ocular pathology making components of RAAS attractive candidates when developing new effective ways to treat glaucoma.Peer reviewe

local aldosterone synthesis in the large intestine of mouse : An ex vivo incubation study

Objective To investigate the regulation of local aldosterone synthesis by physiological stimulants in the murine gut. Methods Male mice were fed for 14 days with normal, high (1.6%) or low (0.01%) sodium diets. Tissue liver receptor homolog-1 and aldosterone in the colon and caecum were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Released corticosterone and aldosterone in tissue incubation experiments after stimulation with angiotensin II (Ang II) and dibutyryl-cAMP (DBA; the second messenger of adrenocorticotropic hormone) were assayed using an ELISA. Tissue aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) protein levels were measured using an ELISA and Western blots. Results In incubated colon tissues, aldosterone synthase levels were increased by a low-sodium diet; and by Ang II and DBA in the normal diet group. Release of aldosterone into the incubation buffer was increased from the colon by a low-sodium diet and decreased by a high-sodium diet in parallel with changes in aldosterone synthase levels. In mice fed a normal diet, colon incubation with both Ang II and DBA increased the release of aldosterone as well as its precursor corticosterone. Conclusion Local aldosterone synthesis in the large intestine is stimulated by a low-sodium diet, dibutyryl-cAMP and Ang II similar to the adrenal glands.Peer reviewe