El lado oscuro de entrenar : influencia del contexto deportivo sobre la experiencia negativa de entrenadores de baloncesto

Enmarcado dentro de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la experiencia negativa de los entrenadores de formación deportiva comprobando el ajuste de un modelo teórico en el que factores negativos del ambiente (i.e., presión del club para entrenar de una determinada manera, conflicto trabajo-vida y percepción de la amotivación en los jugadores) predecían positivamente la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas de los entrenadores, y a su vez esta frustración influía positivamente en su amotivación para entrenar. Un total de 177 entrenadores de baloncesto (Medad = 21.74, 27.1% mujeres) participaron en el estudio. Como paso previo a su inclusión en el modelo estructural, se obtuvieron evidencias que apoyaron la fiabilidad y la estructura interna de las escalas, mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios. Cabe destacar que para la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas se optó por una estructura unifactorial, en lugar de la estructura esperada de tres factores. Los resultados del modelo estructural apoyaron la validez del modelo hipotetizado, mostrando que la presión del club, el conflicto trabajo-vida y la amotivación de los jugadores llevaban a los entrenadores a sufrir una experiencia deportiva negativa (i.e., frustración de sus necesidades psicológicas y amotivación para entrenar).Grounded in self-determination theory, the aim of the present study was to analyze the negative experiences of development coaches. To do so, we tested a theoretical model where negative environmental factors (i.e., club pressures regarding how to run practices, work-life conflict, and perception of players' amotivation) were hypothesized to positively predict coaches' basic psychological need thwarting, and in turn coaches' need thwarting was expected to positively predict their amotivation for coaching. One hundred and seventy-seven basketball coaches (Mage = 21.74, 27.1% women) participated in the study. Before the inclusion of the scales in the structural equation model, we obtained evidence supporting their reliability and internal structure (i.e., using confirmatory factor analyses). It was noted that for coaches' psychological need thwarting, the results supported the choice of a single factor structure, instead of the hypothesized 3-factor structure. The results of the structural equation model provided evidence supporting the validity of the theoretical model, showing that club pressures, work-life conflict, and players' amotivation led coaches to suffer more negative sport experiences (i.e., psychological need thwarting and amotivation for coaching).Tendo por base a Teoria da Auto-Determinação, o objectivo do presente estudo foi analisar a experiência negativa dos treinadores da formação, comprovar o ajustamento do modelo teórico no qual os factores negativos do contexto (e.g. pressão do clube para treinar de uma determinada forma, conflito laboral-pessoal e percepção de amotivação nos jogadores) prediziam positivamente a frustração das necessidades psicológicas dos treinadores, e por seu turno esta frustração influía positivamente na sua amotivação para treinar. Um total de 177 treinadores de basquetebol (Midade = 21.74, 27.1% mulheres) participaram no estudo. Como etapa prévia à sua inclusão no modelo estructural, foram obtidas evidências que suportavam a fidelidade e a estrutura interna das escalas, mediante análises factoriais confirmatórias. Destaca-se que para a frustração das necessidades psicológicas básicas se optou por uma estrutura unifactorial, em vez de uma estructura de três factores expectável segundo a teoria. Os resultados do modelo estructural suportam a validade do modelo hipotetizado, revelando que a pressão do clube, o conflito laboral-pessoal e a amotivação dos jogadores levavam a que os treinadores sofressem uma experiência desportiva mais negativa (e.g. frustração das suas necessidades psicológicas e amotivação para treinar)

Examining the big three of coping in adolescent athletes using network analysis

The study of the big three of coping (i.e., appraisals, emotions, and coping strategies) from factorial approach has been somewhat problematic in sport research. In this study, we had the aim to examine the relationships among the components of big three of coping using network analysis as an alternative approach to factorial approach. Using cognitive-motivational-relational theory as framework, we assessed appraisals, emotions and coping strategies in a sample of 276 synchronized swimming athletes (M = 14.63; SD = 2.01). Results present a network analysis of polychoric correlations among variables, showing three main groups of interrelations: (a) goal withdrawal zone include dejection, anger, venting of unpleasant emotions, disengagement, mental distraction, and social withdrawal; (b) mastery zone include primary and secondary appraisals, excitement, happiness, effort expenditure, mental imagery, and some thought control items; and (c) internal regulation zone include anxiety, logical analysis, some items of thought control, relaxation, and seeking social support. Results are congruent with Nicholls, Taylor, Carrol and Perry (2016) coping classifications; and show similarities with previous literature regarding the relations between appraisals, emotions, and coping.En la literatura científica, el estudio de los tres grandes componentes del proceso de afrontamiento (i.e., valoraciones cognitivas, emociones, y estrategias de afrontamiento) desde una perspectiva factorial ha conllevado algunas dificultades. Por ello, este estudio tuvo el objetivo de examinar las relaciones entre los tres componentes del proceso de afrontamiento mediante el network analysis, como alternativa a la perspectiva factorial. Partiendo de la teoría cognitivo-motivacional-relacional como marco teórico de referencia, en este estudio evaluamos las valoraciones cognitivas, las emociones y las estrategias de afrontamiento en una muestra de 276 deportistas que practicaban natación sincronizada (M = 14.63; DE = 2.01). Los resultados presentan correlaciones policóricas entre variables mediante un network analysis, observándose tres grupos principales de relaciones entre variables: (a) la zona de distanciamiento de los objetivos que incluye las emociones de abatimiento y enfado, junto a las estrategias de salida de emociones desagradables, resignación, distracción mental, y distanciamiento; (b) la zona de maestría, que incluye las valoraciones cognitivas primaria y secundaria, las emociones de excitación y felicidad, y las estrategias de esfuerzo, imaginería mental, y algunos pero no todos los ítems del control de pensamiento; y (c) la zona de la regulación interna, que incluye la ansiedad, y las estrategias de análisis lógico relajación, búsqueda de apoyo, y algunos ítems de control del pensamiento. Los resultados son congruentes con la clasificación del afrontamiento propuesta por Nicholls' et al (2016), y muestra coincidencias con la literatura previa respecto a las relaciones observadas entre valoraciones cognitivas, emociones y estrategias de afrontamiento

Examining the relationship between academic stress and motivation toward physical education within a semester : A two-wave study with Chinese secondary school students

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between academic stress and motivation toward physical education (PE) through a longitudinal design with cross-lagged panel analyses. A sample of 556 Chinese secondary school students participated in the research and completed Perceived Locus of Causality Scale and Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents at the beginning of the semester and 3 months later. The results demonstrated that academic stress factors were positively related to less self-determined motivations except that worry about grades was positively related to more self-determined motivations within each time point. In addition, we found that academic stress negatively predicted more self-determined motivations but positively predicted less self-determined motivations, whereas worry about grades negatively predicted amotivation 3 months later. Meanwhile, the influence of amotivation on despondency was also found. These results suggest that academic stress can obstruct students' participation in PE through an impact on self-determined motivation. Our findings also indicate that self-determined students in PE will seek academic achievement as well, which in turn improves students' academic status

Tools to assess the measurement properties of quality of life instruments : a meta-review

Objective: This meta-review aims to discuss the methodological, research and practical applications of tools that assess the measurement properties of instruments evaluating Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) that have been reported in systematic reviews. Design: Meta-review. Methods: Electronic search from January 2008 to May 2020 was carried out on PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, WoS, Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) database, Google Scholar, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Results: A total of 246 systematic reviews were assessed. Concerning the quality of the review process, some methodological shortcomings were found, such as poor compliance with reporting or methodological guidelines. Regarding the procedures to assess the quality of measurement properties, 164 (66.6 %) of reviewers applied one tool at least. Tool format and structure differed across standards or scientific traditions (i.e. psychology, medicine and economics), but most assess both measurement properties and the usability of instruments. As far as the results and conclusions of systematic reviews are concerned, only 68 (27.5 %) linked the intended use of the instrument to specific measurement properties (e.g. evaluative use to responsiveness). Conclusions: The reporting and methodological quality of reviews have increased over time, but there is still room for improvement regarding adherence to guidelines. The COSMIN would be the most widespread and comprehensive tool to assess both the risk of bias of primary studies, and the measurement properties of HRQoL instruments for evaluative purposes. Our analysis of other assessment tools and measurement standards can serve as a starting point for future lines of work on the COSMIN tool, such as considering a more comprehensive evaluation of feasibility, including burden and fairness; expanding its scope for measurement instruments with a different use than evaluative; and improving its assessment of the risk of bias of primary studie

Calidad psicométrica de la adaptación española del Cuestionario de Regulación Conductual en el Deporte

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la adaptación al español del Cuestionario de Regulación Conductual en el Deporte formado por 24 ítems que miden los 6 factores de regulación conductual previstos por la teoría de la autodeterminación desarrollada por Deci y Ryan. Las pruebas de equivalencia conceptual y de calidad de la adaptación cultural y lingüística se desprenden de la conciliación de voces diversas (especialistas y población diana). La factibilidad del cuestionario se apoya en entrevistas cognitivas y en el hecho de que un 94% de las personas que contestaron lo hicieron de forma completa y sin presentar patrones atípicos de respuesta. El modelo de 6 factores correlacionados es el que mejor se ajusta a los datos en el análisis factorial confirmatorio, y 5 de las 6 subescalas tienen coeficientes de consistencia interna aceptables. Las puntuaciones de las subescalas de regulación introyectada, identificada e integrada son las que presentan mayor variabilidad. Tal como era de esperar, las 6 subescalas muestran una graduación de correlaciones directa con una medida de vitalidad subjetiva e inversa con una medida de ansiedad competitiva. La acumulación de pruebas permite concluir que la adaptación es válida para utilizarla en la investigación en psicología del deporteThe goal of this study is to present the Spanish adaptation of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire made up of 24 items that measure the 6 behavioral regulation factors expected by the self-determination theory developed by Deci and Ryan. Supporting evidence of conceptual equivalence and quality of the cultural and linguistic adaptation derive from the conciliation of different terms (experts and target population). Cognitive interviews and the fact that 94% of respondents provided complete answers and without aberrant response patterns support the feasibility of the questionnaire. A model of six correlated factors provided the best fit to the data in the confirmatory factor analysis, and 5 out of 6 subscales have acceptable internal consistency coefficients. The scores of the introjected, identified, and integrated regulation show more variability than the other ones. As expected, the 6 subscales show a graduation of direct correlation with the subjective vitality measure and an inverse correlation with competitive anxiety. The accumulation of evidence leads to the conclusion that the Spanish version is valid for use in sport psychology researc

Measuring motivation in physical education among Chinese and Spanish adolescents : comparing the psychometric properties of perceived locus of causality scale

The present study aimed to measure motivation in physical education by the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC) within a cross-cultural context. A sample of 2,293 adolescents from China (n = 1,287) and Spain (n = 1,006) completed the scales. The results largely supported the reliability and the validity of PLOC in both cultures as well as its cross-cultural equivalence except three problematic items found in the Chinese sample. Moreover, Chinese adolescents scored higher in intrinsic motivation and identified regulation, and lower in introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation than Spanish adolescents. These findings supported the universality of motivation structure across different cultures. However, problematic items encountered in Chinese adolescents and differences in motivation suggest that cultural values may cause adolescents to interpret certain motives differently, which highlighted the importance of cultural adaptation when measuring adolescents' motivation.El presente estudio intentó a medir la motivación en educación física por la Escala de locus de causalidad percibido (PLOC) dentro un contexto transcultural. En total 2,293 adolescentes de China (n = 1,287) y de España (n = 1,006) completaron las escalas. Se apoyan la fiabilidad y la validez de PLOC y su equivalencia transcultural excepto tres ítems problemáticos encontrado en la muestra china. Además, los adolescentes chinos obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en motivación intrínseca, regulación identificada, y puntuaciones más bajas en regulación introyectada, regulación externa y amotivación que los españoles. Los resultados indican transculturalmente una estructura universal de motivación. Sin embargo, los ítems problemáticos en la muestra china y las diferencias de motivación sugieren que los valores culturales afectan la interpretación de unos motivos de los adolescentes, que destaca la importancia de adaptación cultural a medir la motivación de los adolescentes.O presente estudo teve como objetivo mensurar motivação na educação física pelo Escala do locus de causalidade percibido (PLOC) dentro de um contexto transcultural. No total, 2.293 adolescentes da China (n = 1.287) e da Espanha (n = 1.006) completaram as escalas. Os resultados apoiaram amplamente a confiabilidade e validade do PLOC em ambas as culturas, ebm como sua equivalência transcultural, exceto por três itens problemáticos encontrados na amostra chinesa. Além disso, os adolescentes chineses pontuaram mai em motivação intrínseca, regulação identificada, e menor em regulação introjetada, regulação externa e amotivação do que os adolescentes espanhóis. Essas descobertas apoiaram a universalidade da estrutura de motivação. No entanto, os itens problemáticos encontrados em adolescentes chineses e as diferenças na motivação sugerem que os valores culturais podem levar os adolescentes a interpretar certos motivos de maneira diferente, o que destacou a importância da adaptação cultural ao medir motivação dos adolescentes

Focus on relationship between the caregivers unmet needs and other caregiving outcomes in cancer palliative care

Objetive: Study the relationships between caregivers unmet needs and others caregiving outcomes in palliative care and cancer, which is a first and necessary step to offer adequate supporting intervention. Methods: 59 caregivers participated in a research that examined the caregiving outcomes using an Unmet Needs Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Bakas Caregiving Outcomes Scale. Results and conclusions: Results showed a high average of unmet needs, especially emotional ones. One caregiver out of two had significant anxiety levels and one out of four of depression. Caregiving outcomes were almost all negative except for the relationship between the patient and the family. Moreover we found a positive and significant relationship between the number of unmet needs and outcomes like burden or emotional outcomes. Finally, the caregivers were interested in receiving a support which, according to their preferences, would have to be brief, group intervention and led by sanitary professionalsApreciar y valorar de manera sistemática las posibles relaciones entre las necesidades insatisfechas de los cuidadores primarios y las consecuencias del cuidar, como paso previo y necesario para poder ofrecer programas adecuados de soporte a los cuidadores. 59 cuidadores primarios participaron en una entrevista individual que incluía un cuestionario de posibles necesidades del cuidador, un cuestionario de ansiedad y depresión (HAD), y un cuestionario de sobrecarga y cambios en la vida (BCOS). Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados revelaron la presencia de un número alto de necesidades insatisfechas sobre todo de tipos emocional y psicológico. Un cuidador de cada dos presentó niveles altos de ansiedad y uno de cada cuatro niveles altos de depresión. Los cambios en la vida del cuidador solieron ser negativos excepto por lo que concernió a la relación con el enfermo y con la familia, que se mantuvo o incluso mejoró. Además se observó una relación significativa entre el número de necesidades y otras consecuencias del cuidar como la sobrecarga y el bienestar emocional. Finalmente, la mayoría de los cuidadores estuvieron interesados en recibir un soporte que fuera breve, preferiblemente de tipo grupal y sobre todo proporcionado por profesionales sanitario

Seguimiento de la transición a la universidad en mujeres deportistas de alto rendimiento

Este estudio de caso longitudinal se enmarca en el modelo holístico (Wylleman, Reints, y De Knop, 2013). La transición a la universidad es uno de los momentos más importantes para los deportistas durante su carrera dual. Sin embargo, no hay estudios centrados en cómo viven las mujeres deportistas esta transición. El objetivo es explorar la transición a la universidad de deportistas de alto rendimiento mujeres durante su carrera dual en España. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a tres deportistas en cuatro momentos temporales de su transición a la universidad. La primera se realizó en segundo de bachillerato y la última en el segundo curso universitario. Los resultados muestran las fases que las deportistas experimentan durante la transición (i.e., preparación, inmersión, aprendizaje y adaptación) y cómo perciben cada fase. Se aporta información práctica, sensible a las especificidades de género, para facilitar la carrera dual de las deportistas durante su transición a la universidad.The present longitudinal case study is framed in the holistic model (Wylleman, Reints, and De Knop, 2013). Transition to University is one of the most important moments for athletes during their dual career. However, there are no studies focused on how women athletes experience this transition. The aim of the present study is to explore the transition to University of female elite athletes during their dual career in Spain. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three elite athletes at four moments during their transition to University. First interview was conducted during the last High School course. Last interview was conducted in the second University course. Results show the phases that women athletes experience during the transition to University (i.e., preparation, immersion, learning and adaptation) and how they perceive each phase. Being sensitive to gender specificities, our study provides practical information to facilitate dual career of female elite athletes during their transition to University

From AGT to SDT, from athletes to coaches : refocussing the study of sport motivation

The present research describes how the study of sport motivation has evolved over the last three decades. Two main trends are observed. On the one hand, the theoretical framework most used in the study of sport motivation has changed from Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) to Self-Determination Theory (SDT). On the other hand, in the recent years researchers have begun to analyse not only athletes' sport experiences but also coaches' sport experiences. In this paper, we briefly present AGT and SDT and then we move on to review the research conducted by international and Spanish groups that we find important to understand how the study of sport motivation has been developed. In addition, we present how the Grup d'Estudis de Psicologia de l'Esport (GEPE) has adapted to the changes described. Finally, we offer avenues for future research in the field of sport motivation.La presente investigación describe cómo el estudio de la motivación deportiva ha evolucionado a lo largo de las últimas tres décadas. En este tiempo, se pueden observar dos tendencias principales. Por un lado, el marco teórico más utilizado en el estudio de la motivación deportiva ha pasado de ser la Teoría de las Metas de Logro (AGT, por sus siglas en inglés) a ser la Teoría de la Autodeterminación (SDT, por sUs siglas en inglés). Y por el otro lado, recientemente se ha podido apreciar una tendencia de los investigadores a estudiar no sólo las experiencias de los deportistas, sino también las de los entrenadores. En este trabajo, repasamos en primer lugar los aspectos clave de la AGT y la SDT, para posteriormente detallar algunas investigaciones realizadas por grupos tanto internacionales como españoles que consideramos relevantes para entender cómo ha evolucionado el estudio de la motivación deportiva. Adicionalmente, presentamos cómo el Grup d'Estudis de Psicologia de l'Esport (GEPE) se ha adaptado a estos cambios. Por último, ofrecemos posibles líneas de investigación futura para el estudio de la motivación deportiva