Solvothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Chalcopyrite CuInSe2 Nanoparticles

The ternary I-III-VI2 semiconductor of CuInSe2 nanoparticles with controllable size was synthesized via a simple solvothermal method by the reaction of elemental selenium powder and CuCl as well as InCl3 directly in the presence of anhydrous ethylenediamine as solvent. X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscopy characterization confirmed that CuInSe2 nanoparticles with high purity were obtained at different temperatures by varying solvothermal time, and the optimal temperature for preparing CuInSe2 nanoparticles was found to be between 180 and 220 °C. Indium selenide was detected as the intermediate state at the initial stage during the formation of pure ternary compound, and the formation of copper-related binary phase was completely deterred in that the more stable complex [Cu(C2H8N2)2]+ was produced by the strong N-chelation of ethylenediamine with Cu+. These CuInSe2 nanoparticles possess a band gap of 1.05 eV calculated from UV–vis spectrum, and maybe can be applicable to the solar cell devices

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) - 2018 Summary Report

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a TeV-scale high-luminosity linear $e^+e^-$ collider under development at CERN. Following the CLIC conceptual design published in 2012, this report provides an overview of the CLIC project, its current status, and future developments. It presents the CLIC physics potential and reports on design, technology, and implementation aspects of the accelerator and the detector. CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, respectively. CLIC uses a two-beam acceleration scheme, in which 12 GHz accelerating structures are powered via a high-current drive beam. For the first stage, an alternative with X-band klystron powering is also considered. CLIC accelerator optimisation, technical developments and system tests have resulted in an increased energy efficiency (power around 170 MW) for the 380 GeV stage, together with a reduced cost estimate at the level of 6 billion CHF. The detector concept has been refined using improved software tools. Significant progress has been made on detector technology developments for the tracking and calorimetry systems. A wide range of CLIC physics studies has been conducted, both through full detector simulations and parametric studies, together providing a broad overview of the CLIC physics potential. Each of the three energy stages adds cornerstones of the full CLIC physics programme, such as Higgs width and couplings, top-quark properties, Higgs self-coupling, direct searches, and many precision electroweak measurements. The interpretation of the combined results gives crucial and accurate insight into new physics, largely complementary to LHC and HL-LHC. The construction of the first CLIC energy stage could start by 2026. First beams would be available by 2035, marking the beginning of a broad CLIC physics programme spanning 25-30 years

A CSF-Based preprocessing method for image deblurring

This paper aims at increasing the visual quality of a blurred image according to the contrast sensitivity of a human observer. The main idea is to enhance those image details which can be perceived by a human observer without introducing annoying visible artifacts. To this aim, an adaptive wavelet decomposition is applied to the original blurry image. This decomposition splits the frequency axis into subbands whose central frequency and amplitude width are built according to the contrast sensitivity. The details coefficients of that decomposition are then properly modified according to the just noticeable contrast at each frequency band. Preliminary experimental results show that the proposed method increases the visual quality of the blurred image without introducing visible artifacts. In addition, the contrast sensitivity-based image is a good and recommended initial guess for iterative deblurring methods since it allows them to significantly reduce ringing artifacts and halo effects in the final image

Polykristalline Duennschichtsolarzellen mit hohem Wirkungsgrad Schlussbericht

The goal of the project was the development of thin film solar cells with a small consumption of semiconductor material and at the same time high efficiency. Thin films of the compound semiconductors CuInSe_2, CuGaSe_2, CuInS_2 and their alloys were prepared by simultaneous evaporation of the elements. These films were analysed in view of the use as absorber layers in thin film solar cells. Heterojunctions for solar cells were fabricated with ZnO as window layer. A main emphasis was the possibility to transfer the deposition process to large areas. The development of thin film solar cells reached a very high level also compared to international activities: Solar cells with the conventional structure Cu(In, Ga)Se_2-CdS-ZnO reached efficiencies of 16-17% (active area 0,5 cm"2). With minimodules (100 cm"2) with 15 monolithically series connected cells 13,9% (aperture area) were realised. Structures with Cd-free window layers could be fabricated with an efficiency of over 15%. Using CuInS_2 as absorber material efficiencies of 12% and an open circuit voltage of more than 0.8 V were reached. With CuGaSe_2 as absorber layer the efficiency could be increased to 9,3% at an open circuit voltage of 0.87 V. These results provide the prerequisites for the upscaling of the technology to large area production as it was demonstrated by the successful transfer to the Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (ZSW). Furthermore, these results are an excellent basis for the further development of this type of solar cells. (orig.)Ziel des Vorhabens war die Entwicklung von Duennschichtsolarzellen mit geringem Aufwand an Halbleitermaterialien und gleichzeitig hohem Wirkungsgrad. Hierzu wurden Duennschichten aus den Verbindungshalbleitern CuInSe_2, CuGaSe_2, CuInS_2 und deren Legierungen als Absorberschicht vor allem mittels simultaner Verdampfung der Elemente hergestellt und untersucht. Heterouebergaenge fuer Solarzellen wurden mit ZnO als Fensterschicht realisiert. Ein wesentlicher Gesichtspunkt war die Umsetzbarkeit der Abscheideverfahren fuer die Halbleiterduennschichten auf grosse Flaechen. Bei der Entwicklung von Solarzellen konnte ein, auch im internationalen Vergleich, sehr hoher Stand erreicht werden: Solarzellen mit der konventionellen Struktur Cu(In, Ga)Se_2-CdS-ZnO erreichen auf kleiner Flaeche (aktive Flaeche ca. 0,5 cm"2) Wirkungsgrade von 16-17%. Mit Kleinmodulen (100 cm"2) mit 15 monolithisch in Serie verschalteten Zellen konnte bis auf 13,9% (bezogen auf die Aperturflaeche) realisiert werden. Strukturen ohne Cd-haltige Fensterschicht konnten mit einem Wirkungsgrad von ueber 15% hergestellt werden. Mit CuInS_2 als Absorbermaterial wurden Wirkungsgrade von 12% und Leerlaufspannungen von mehr als 0,8 V erreicht. Mit reinem CuGaSe_2 als Absorberschicht war eine Steigerung auf 9,3% bei einer Leerlaufspannung von 0,87 V moeglich. Diese Ergebnisse liefern die Voraussetzungen fuer die Umsetzung der Technologie auf die Herstellung grossflaechiger Module, wie der erfolgreiche Transfer an das Zentrum fuer Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung (ZSW) zeigte. Ferner bilden die Ergebnisse eine sehr gute Basis fuer die Weiterentwicklung dieses Solarzellentyps. (orig.)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F98B1190+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Polykristalline Duennschichtsolarzellen mit hohem Wirkungsgrad Veroeffentlichungen zum Schlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F98B1191+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman