699 research outputs found
Ant Mimicry by an Aphid Parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum
In Iran, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) is a uniparental parasitoid of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae), that possesses various highly evolved adaptations for foraging within ant-tended aphid colonies. Direct observations and video recordings were used to analyze the behavior of individual females foraging for A. fabae on bean leaf disks in open arenas in the laboratory. Females exploited aphids as hosts and as a source of food, allocating within-patch time as follows: resting - 10.4%, grooming - 8.2%, searching - 11.5%, antennation (host recognition) - 7.5%, antennation (honeydew solicitation mimicking ants) - 31.9%, abdominal bending (attack preparation) 19.7%, probing with the ovipositor (attack) - 10.8%. The mean handling time for each aphid encountered was 2.0 ± 0.5 min. Females encountered an average of 47.4 ± 6.4 aphids per hour, but laid only 1.2 eggs per hour. The ovipositor insertion time for parasitism ranged from 2 sec to longer than a minute, but most insertions did not result in an egg being laid. A. fabae defensive behaviors included kicking, raising and swiveling the body, and attempts to smear the attacker with cornicle secretions, sometimes with lethal results. Food deprivation for 4–6 h prior to testing increased the frequency of ant mimcry by L. fabarum. Females also used ant-like antennation to reduce A. fabae defensive behavior, e.g. the frequency of kicking. L. fabarum attacks primed A. fabae to be more responsive to subsequent honeydew solicitation, such that experienced females improved their feeding success by alternating between the roles of parasitoid and ant mimic. These results reveal the possibility for mutualisms to evolve between L. fabarum and the ant species that tend A. fabae, since L. fabarum receive ant protection for their progeny and may benefit the ants by improving A. fabae responsiveness to honeydew solicitation
Multiplicity dependence of jet-like two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at = 5.02 TeV
Two-particle angular correlations between unidentified charged trigger and
associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p-Pb collisions at a
nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The transverse-momentum
range 0.7 5.0 GeV/ is examined,
to include correlations induced by jets originating from low
momen\-tum-transfer scatterings (minijets). The correlations expressed as
associated yield per trigger particle are obtained in the pseudorapidity range
. The near-side long-range pseudorapidity correlations observed in
high-multiplicity p-Pb collisions are subtracted from both near-side
short-range and away-side correlations in order to remove the non-jet-like
components. The yields in the jet-like peaks are found to be invariant with
event multiplicity with the exception of events with low multiplicity. This
invariance is consistent with the particles being produced via the incoherent
fragmentation of multiple parton--parton scatterings, while the yield related
to the previously observed ridge structures is not jet-related. The number of
uncorrelated sources of particle production is found to increase linearly with
multiplicity, suggesting no saturation of the number of multi-parton
interactions even in the highest multiplicity p-Pb collisions. Further, the
number scales in the intermediate multiplicity region with the number of binary
nucleon-nucleon collisions estimated with a Glauber Monte-Carlo simulation.Comment: 23 pages, 6 captioned figures, 1 table, authors from page 17,
published version, figures at
http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/161
Multi-particle azimuthal correlations in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
Measurements of multi-particle azimuthal correlations (cumulants) for charged
particles in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions are presented. They help address the
question of whether there is evidence for global, flow-like, azimuthal
correlations in the p-Pb system. Comparisons are made to measurements from the
larger Pb-Pb system, where such evidence is established. In particular, the
second harmonic two-particle cumulants are found to decrease with multiplicity,
characteristic of a dominance of few-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions.
However, when a gap is placed to suppress such correlations,
the two-particle cumulants begin to rise at high-multiplicity, indicating the
presence of global azimuthal correlations. The Pb-Pb values are higher than the
p-Pb values at similar multiplicities. In both systems, the second harmonic
four-particle cumulants exhibit a transition from positive to negative values
when the multiplicity increases. The negative values allow for a measurement of
to be made, which is found to be higher in Pb-Pb collisions at
similar multiplicities. The second harmonic six-particle cumulants are also
found to be higher in Pb-Pb collisions. In Pb-Pb collisions, we generally find
which is indicative of a Bessel-Gaussian
function for the distribution. For very high-multiplicity Pb-Pb
collisions, we observe that the four- and six-particle cumulants become
consistent with 0. Finally, third harmonic two-particle cumulants in p-Pb and
Pb-Pb are measured. These are found to be similar for overlapping
multiplicities, when a gap is placed.Comment: 25 pages, 11 captioned figures, 3 tables, authors from page 20,
published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/87
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Does urbanization explain differences in interactions between an insect herbivore and its natural enemies and mutualists?
Urbanization can alter the composition of arthropod communities. However, little is known about how urbanization affects ecological interactions. Using experimental colonies of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae Scopoli reared on Vicia faba L, we asked if patterns of predator-prey, host-parasitoid and ant-aphid mutualisms varied along an urbanization gradient across a large town in southern England. We recorded the presence of naturally occurring predators, parasitoid wasps and mutualistic ants together with aphid abundance. We examined how biotic (green areas and plant richness) and abiotic features (impervious surfaces and distance to town center) affected (1) aphid colony size, (2) the likelihood of finding predators, mutualistic ants and aphid mummies (indicating the presence of parasitoids), and (3) how the interplay among these factors affected patterns of parasitoid attack, predator abundance, mutualistic interactions and aphid abundance. The best model to predict aphid abundance was the number of mutualistic ants attending the colonies. Aphid predators responded negatively to both the proportion of impervious surfaces and to the number of mutualistic ants farming the colonies, and positively to aphid population size, whereas parasitized aphids were found in colonies with higher numbers of aphids and ants. The number of mutualistic ants attending was positively associated with aphid colony size and negatively with the number of aphid predators. Our findings suggest that for insect-natural enemy interactions, urbanization may affect some groups, while not influencing others, and that local effects (mutualists, host plant presence) will also be key determinants of how urban ecological communities are formed
Severe hematotoxicity after CD19 CAR-T therapy is associated with suppressive immune dysregulation and limited CAR-T expansion
Prolonged cytopenias after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy are a significant clinical problem and the underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how (CAR) T cell expansion dynamics and serum proteomics affect neutrophil recovery phenotypes after CD19-directed CAR T cell therapy. Survival favored patients with "intermittent" neutrophil recovery (e.g., recurrent neutrophil dips) compared to either "quick" or "aplastic" recovery. While intermittent patients displayed increased CAR T cell expansion, aplastic patients exhibited an unfavorable relationship between expansion and tumor burden. Proteomics of patient serum collected at baseline and in the first month after CAR-T therapy revealed higher markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory cytokines, macrophage activation, and T cell suppression in the aplastic phenotype group. Prolonged neutrophil aplasia thus occurs in patients with systemic immune dysregulation at baseline with subsequently impaired CAR-T expansion and myeloid-related inflammatory changes. The association between neutrophil recovery and survival outcomes highlights critical interactions between host hematopoiesis and the immune state stimulated by CAR-T infusion
Актуальні питання реалізації іпотечних зобов'язань в нотаріальному процесі
Стаття присвячена теоретичному дослідженню важливості використання існуючих механізмів превентивної юстиції та дієвості правозахисної функції нотаріату.
Доведено, що нотаріус як гарант превентивності правовідносин реалізує свої правозахисні функції не лише на стадії реалізації іпотечних зобовязань, шляхом вчинення виконавчого напису на борговому документі, а і на стадії узгодження та викладення всіх
істотних умов договору.
Ключові слова: нотаріат; правозахисна функція нотаріату; виконання зобовязань; превентивна юстиція.Статья посвящена теоретическому исследованию необходимости использования
существующих механизмов превентивной юстиции и действенности правозащитной
функции нотариата. Доказывается, что нотариус как гарант превентивности правоотношений реализует свои правозащитные функции не только на стадии реализации
ипотечных обязательств, в связи с совершением исполнительной надписи на долговом
документе, а и на стадии согласования и изложения всех существенных условий договора.
Ключевые слова: нотариат; правозащитная функция нотариату; исполнение обязательств; превентивная юстиция.This article is dedicated into theoretical research of importance in using special mechanism of prevention justitia and acting law defender functions of notoriety. It is argued that
notaries as a guaranty of prevention law relation realizes his law defender functions not only
on the stage of realization ipothek obligations, making performance inscription on the duty
document, but on the stage of consenting and stating all existence conditions of contract.
Key words: notoriety, law defender function of notaries, making obligations, prevention
justitia
Energy dependence and fluctuations of anisotropic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 and 2.76 TeV
Measurements of anisotropic flow coefficients with two- and multi-particle cumulants
for inclusive charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 5.02 and 2.76TeV
are reported in the pseudorapidity range |eta|< 0.8 and transverse momentum 0.2 < pT <
50 GeV/c. The full data sample collected by the ALICE detector in 2015 (2010), corresponding
to an integrated luminosity of 12.7 (2.0) ub^-1 in the centrality range 0-80%,
is analysed. Flow coefficients up to the sixth flow harmonic (v6) are reported and a detailed
comparison among results at the two energies is carried out. The pT dependence
of anisotropic flow coefficients and its evolution with respect to centrality and harmonic
number n are investigated. An approximate power-law scaling of the form vn(pT) ~ pT^(n/3)
is observed for all flow harmonics at low pT (0.2 < pT < 3 GeV/c). At the same time, the
ratios vn/vm^(n/m) are observed to be essentially independent of pT for most centralities up to
about pT = 10 GeV/c. Analysing the differences among higher-order cumulants of elliptic flow (v2),
which have different sensitivities to flow fluctuations, a measurement of the standardised
skewness of the event-by-event v2 distribution P(v2) is reported and constraints
on its higher moments are provided. The Elliptic Power distribution is used to parametrise
P(v2), extracting its parameters from fits to cumulants. The measurements are compared
to different model predictions in order to discriminate among initial-state models and to
constrain the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity to entropy-density ratio
Inclusive J/ψ production at forward and backward rapidity in p-Pb collisions at √sNN=8.16 TeV
Inclusive J/psi production is studied in p-Pb interactions at a centre-of-mass
energy per nucleon-nucleon collision sqrt(s_NN) = 8.16TeV, using the ALICE detector at the
CERN LHC. The J/psi meson is reconstructed, via its decay to a muon pair, in the centre-of-mass
rapidity intervals 2.03 < ycms < 3.53 and -4.46 < ycms < -2.96, where positive
and negative ycms refer to the p-going and Pb-going direction, respectively. The transverse
momentum coverage is pT < 20 GeV/c. In this paper, ycms- and pT-differential cross
sections for inclusive J/psi production are presented, and the corresponding nuclear modification
factors RpPb are shown. Forward results show a suppression of the J/psi yield with
respect to pp collisions, concentrated in the region pT < 5 GeV/c. At backward rapidity
no significant suppression is observed. The results are compared to previous measurements
by ALICE in p-Pb collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 5.02TeV and to theoretical calculations. Finally,
the ratios RFB between forward- and backward-ycms RpPb values are shown and discussed
Inclusive J/ψ production at forward and backward rapidity in p-Pb collisions at √sNN=8.16 TeV
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Measurement of the Lifetime and Λ Separation Energy of _{Λ}^{3}H
The most precise measurements to date of the _{Λ}^{3}H lifetime τ and Λ separation energy B_{Λ} are obtained using the data sample of Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV collected by ALICE at the LHC. The _{Λ}^{3}H is reconstructed via its charged two-body mesonic decay channel (_{Λ}^{3}H→^{3}He+π^{-} and the charge-conjugate process). The measured values τ=[253±11(stat)±6(syst)] ps and B_{Λ}=[102±63(stat)±67(syst)] keV are compatible with predictions from effective field theories and confirm that the _{Λ}^{3}H structure is consistent with a weakly bound system
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