Effects of donepezil on liver and kidney functions for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of medication with donepezil (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) on the liver and kidney function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to compare the effects of donepezil medication during short (one month) and long term (six years) follow-ups. We evaluated female and male patients from Cukurova [42 AD patients; short term (5 mg/day)] and Dokuz Eylul [68 AD patients; long term (10 mg/day)] University Hospital. The results compared with the geriatric population without dementia in other words who are not in medication with donepezil. For short term evaluation all subjects underwent periodic examination with tests regarding hepatic and renal functions; firstly, before starting treatment and then repeated one month later. For long term evaluation all subjects underwent periodic examination with tests regarding hepatic and renal functions; three times at the end of each two consecutive years of treatment with donepezil. AD patients' results were also compared with 79 neurologically healthy geriatric patients without dementia who were over 65 years of age and were not receiving medication with donepezil. For this task, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels are used to predict possible liver damage, while the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) levels for kidney damage. No significant difference between the groups regarding the routine control of biochemical parameters was observed in short term drug medication. In long term patients' group; the effects of two years use of donepezil on renal and hepatic function were also evaluated and levels of AST, ALT, BUN and CRE were found to be increased significantly compared to pretreatment levels. But, they remained in the reference intervals. However, levels of AST and ALT at the end of the fourth year of therapy were similar to those measured at the end of the second year, levels of BUN and CRE continuing to increase with staying below the reference limits. Functional markers obtained at the end of the sixth year of therapy were not differing from those of the fourth year. No significant difference was found during comparisons within the results of the neurologically healthy geriatric patient group. During comparisons between the two groups, measurements obtained at all-time points were significantly high in donepezil treated AD patients. We concluded that customized dosage according to hepatic and renal functions is necessary for using acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in AD patients

Effects of donepezil on liver and kidney functions for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of medication with donepezil (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) on the liver and kidney function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to compare the effects of donepezil medication during short (one month) and long term (six years) follow-ups. We evaluated female and male patients from Cukurova [42 AD patients; short term (5 mg/day)] and Dokuz Eylul [68 AD patients; long term (10 mg/day)] University Hospital. The results compared with the geriatric population without dementia in other words who are not in medication with donepezil. For short term evaluation all subjects underwent periodic examination with tests regarding hepatic and renal functions; firstly, before starting treatment and then repeated one month later. For long term evaluation all subjects underwent periodic examination with tests regarding hepatic and renal functions; three times at the end of each two consecutive years of treatment with donepezil. AD patients' results were also compared with 79 neurologically healthy geriatric patients without dementia who were over 65 years of age and were not receiving medication with donepezil. For this task, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels are used to predict possible liver damage, while the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) levels for kidney damage. No significant difference between the groups regarding the routine control of biochemical parameters was observed in short term drug medication. In long term patients' group; the effects of two years use of donepezil on renal and hepatic function were also evaluated and levels of AST, ALT, BUN and CRE were found to be increased significantly compared to pretreatment levels. But, they remained in the reference intervals. However, levels of AST and ALT at the end of the fourth year of therapy were similar to those measured at the end of the second year, levels of BUN and CRE continuing to increase with staying below the reference limits. Functional markers obtained at the end of the sixth year of therapy were not differing from those of the fourth year. No significant difference was found during comparisons within the results of the neurologically healthy geriatric patient group. During comparisons between the two groups, measurements obtained at all-time points were significantly high in donepezil treated AD patients. We concluded that customized dosage according to hepatic and renal functions is necessary for using acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in AD patients

In Vitro Effects Of Rosmarinic Acid On Glutathione Reductase And Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Context: Glutathione reductase (GR, NADPH:oxidized glutathione oxidoreductase, E. C 1.6.4.2) is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). GR is a crucial enzyme in the antioxidant system by maintaining reduced glutathione (GSH). Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD, glucose 6-phosphate (G6P):NADP(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) is the key regulatory enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway and maintains NADPH for reductive reactions. Objective: Rosmarinic acid (RA; alpha alpha-O-caffeoyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid) is an ester of caffeic acid (CA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. It has a number of interesting biological activities. The inhibiting activities of the RA on GR and G6PD are investigated here for the first time. Materials and methods: GR and G6PD were purified from tissues, then the effects of RA are investigated. Results: This study reports that RA, which was isolated from Echium vulgare L. (Boraginaceae), inhibits purified GR and G6PD in a concentration-dependent manner. Kinetic characterizations and inhibition constants are investigated. Discussion and conclusion: Because of their importance in the antioxidative defense system, investigation of the inhibitors of these enzymes is important for drug development.WoSScopu

A comparative study on thyroid function in Alzheimer's disease: Results from a Turkish multi-centre study [Alzheimer hastalığında tiroid fonksiyonları üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma: Türkiye'den çok merkezli araştırma sonuçları öz]

Alzheimer's disease is a very severe degenerative disease that affects brain function. Neuronal loss, accumulation of extracellular amyloid ß containing plaques and accumulation of intracellular (tau) neurofibrillary tangles are the hallmarks of this disease. We aim to investigate serum thyroid function tests in Alzheimer's disease, in addition to other dementias, and geriatric Turkish patients. We evaluated patients from Ankara, Dokuz Eylul, Cukurova University Hospitals. 357 female and male geriatric subjects were enrolled. All the cases were selected from three different geographical regions irrespective of sex and socioeconomic status. In this study, we evaluated the results of thyroid functions in Alzheimer disease patients as well as in other dementias and geriatric patients. In patients from Ankara, Central Anatolia region, no significant difference between groups regarding the routine control of biochemical parameters was observed. However, thyroid function results revealed that hypothyroidism in Alzheimer's disease patients from Mediterranean region, Adana and Aegean region, İzmir is a recurrent medical condition and is often an embedded side of the normal aging process. We concluded that currently, routine thyroid functions tests should be a part of all geriatric patients for screening presymptomatic Alzheimer`s disease. There might be an interplay between reduced thyroid function and Alzheimer`s disease that could be exploited for diagnostic purposes. © 2015, Ege University Press. All rights reserved

A Comparative Study on Thyroid Function in Alzheimer's Disease: Results From a Turkish Multi-Centre Study

WOS: 000361529400006Alzheimer's disease is a very severe degenerative disease that affects brain function. Neuronal loss, accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta containing plaques and accumulation of intracellular (tau) neurofibrillary tangles are the hallmarks of this disease. We aim to investigate serum thyroid function tests in Alzheimer's disease, in addition to other dementias, and geriatric Turkish patients. We evaluated patients from Ankara, Dokuz Eylul, Cukurova University Hospitals. 357 female and male geriatric subjects were enrolled. All the cases were selected from three different geographical regions irrespective of sex and socioeconomic status. In this study, we evaluated the results of thyroid functions in Alzheimer disease patients as well as in other dementias and geriatric patients. In patients from Ankara, Central Anatolia region, no significant difference between groups regarding the routine control of biochemical parameters was observed. However, thyroid function results revealed that hypothyroidism in Alzheimer's disease patients from Mediterranean region, Adana and Aegean region, Izmir is a recurrent medical condition and is often an embedded side of the normal aging process. We concluded that currently, routine thyroid functions tests should be a part of all geriatric patients for screening presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease. There might be an interplay between reduced thyroid function and Alzheimer's disease that could be exploited for diagnostic purposes

Alzheimer Hastalığında Tiroid Fonksiyonları Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı bir Çalışma: Türkiye'den Çok Merkezli Araştırma Sonuçları

Alzheimer hastalığı, beyin fonksiyonlarını etkileyen çok şiddetli dejeneratif bir hastalıktır. Nöronal kayıp, amiloid ? içeren plakların ekstrasellüler birikimi ve intrasellüler nörofibriler yumakların (tau) birikimi, bu hastalığın göstergeleridir. Bu çalışma İzmir Dokuz Eylül, Ankara ve Adana Çukurova Üniversitesi Nöroloji, Biyokimya ve Geriatri Anabilim Dalları tarafından çok merkezli bir çalışma olarak tasarlanmış olup, farklı coğrafi yörelerde yaşayan, geriatri yaş grubundan 357 demans tanısı almış hastalardaki tiroid fonksiyon testlerini karşılaştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Olgular, cinsiyet ve sosyoekonomik durumlarına göre ayırım yapılmadan üç farklı coğrafi bölgeden seçilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Alzheimer hastalarında, diğer demans tanılı ve geriatrik hastalarda tiroid fonksiyon testleri değerlendirilmiştir. Orta Anadolu Bölgesi'ni temsilen Ankara'daki olguların rutin biyokimyasal parametreleri arasında belirgin bir fark gözlenmemiştir. Ancak Ege Bölgesi'ni temsil eden İzmir ve Akdeniz Bölgesi'ni temsil eden Adana'daki Alzheimer hastalarının tiroid fonksiyonları, genellikle normal yaşlanma süreciyle de ilişkili olan hipotiroidizm ile uyumlu olarak gözlenmiştir. Geriatrik olgularda rutin tiroid fonksiyon testlerinin, presemptomatik Alzheimer taramasının bir parçası olması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Azalmış tiroid fonksiyonları ile Alzheimer hastalığı arasındaki etkileşim olasılığı, tanısal yaklaşımlarda önemli rol oynayabilecektir.Alzheimer's disease is a very severe degenerative disease that affects brain function. Neuronal loss, accumulation of extracellular amyloid B containing plaques and accumulation of intracellular (tau) neurofibrillary tangles are the hallmarks of this disease. We aim to investigate serum thyroid function tests in Alzheimer's disease, in addition to other dementias, and geriatric Turkish patients. We evaluated patients from Ankara, Dokuz Eylul, Cukurova University Hospitals. 357 female and male geriatric subjects were enrolled. All the cases were selected from three different geographical regions irrespective of sex and socioeconomic status. In this study, we evaluated the results of thyroid functions in Alzheimer disease patients as well as in other dementias and geriatric patients. In patients from Ankara, Central Anatolia region, no significant difference between groups regarding the routine control of biochemical parameters was observed. However, thyroid function results revealed that hypothyroidism in Alzheimer's disease patients from Mediterranean region, Adana and Aegean region, İzmir is a recurrent medical condition and is often an embedded side of the normal aging process. We concluded that currently, routine thyroid functions tests should be a part of all geriatric patients for screening presymptomatic Alzheimer`s disease. There might be an interplay between reduced thyroid function and Alzheimer`s disease that could be exploited for diagnostic purposes