OddzOn Products and Derivation of Invention: At Odds with the Purpose of Section 102(f) of the Patent Act of 1952?

Abstract Background Antimicrobial peptides are important components of the host defence with a broad range of functions including direct antimicrobial activity and modulation of inflammation. Lack of cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) was associated with higher mortality and bacterial burden and impaired neutrophil granulocyte infiltration in a model of pneumococcal meningitis. The present study was designed to characterize the effects of CRAMP deficiency on glial response and phagocytosis after exposure to bacterial stimuli. Methods CRAMP-knock out and wildtype glial cells were exposed to bacterial supernatants from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitides or the bacterial cell wall components lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Cell viability, expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and activation of signal transduction pathways, phagocytosis rate and glial cell phenotype were investigated by means of cell viability assays, immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Results CRAMP-deficiency was associated with stronger expression of pro-inflammatory and weakened expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines indicating a higher degree of glial cell activation even under resting-state conditions. Furthermore, increased translocation of nuclear factor ‘kappa-light-chain-enhancer’ of activated B-cells was observed and phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae was reduced in CRAMP-deficient microglia indicating impaired antimicrobial activity. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study detected severe alterations of the glial immune response due to lack of CRAMP. The results indicate the importance of CRAMP to maintain and regulate the delicate balance between beneficial and harmful immune response in the brain

Разработка информационной системы учета и анализа проектной деятельности студента

В статье показан процесс проектирования информационной системы учета и анализа проектной деятельности студента. Проектная деятельность является на сегодняшний день актуальным методом ведения учебной деятельности, который активно внедряется в университеты, в том числе и в ТПУ

Estrategias y coordinación en el subsistema de agronegocios de cacao orgánico en la región de San Martín : el caso ACOPAGRO

Actualmente grandes cambios en las cadenas agroalimentarias causadas por los consumidores, han generado el desarrollo de productos diferenciados, que en su mayoría son producidos por pequeños productores, tal es el caso del cacao orgánico. Durante los últimos años el Perú se ha consolidado como un importante exportador de cacao fino, aromático y orgánico, siendo San Martín una de las principales regiones productoras. Este subsistema de agronegocios, presentaba serias perturbaciones, tales como, inacceso a créditos para productores, inexistencia de alianzas estratégicas, y una baja coordinación entre los actores del sistema, así mismo la existencia de intermediarios que generaban gran oportunismo e incertidumbre por el precio del cacao que percibían los productores; todo ello ocasionaba elevados costos en las transacciones. Es en este contexto que se crea la Cooperativa Agraria Cacaotera ACOPAGRO, que se ha desempeñado de manera exitosa en los últimos años, siendo líder en la exportación de cacao orgánico. De aquí parte el objetivo de esta investigación, la cual es conocer las nuevas estrategias y formas de coordinación en agronegocios, utilizando el caso ACOPAGRO. La metodología utilizada fue la epistemología fenomenológica a través de un estudio de caso. Sustentada teóricamente en la Nueva Economía Institucional aplicada a los Negocios Agroalimentarios, fundamentalmente la economía de los costos de transacción. Los resultados obtenidos definen a ACOPAGRO como subsistema estrictamente coordinado, producto de la acción colectiva, con objeto de abastecer al mercado internacional exigente. Pues esta cooperativa se ha desarrollado eficientemente, adaptándose a las distintas perturbaciones y oportunidades de mercado; estratégicamente con una innovación en su diseño organizacional que permitió implementar tecnología, crear incentivos y poder adecuar controles. Además de convertirse en el coordinador del subsistema, ACOPAGRO optó en nuevas formas de gobernancia en sus transacciones, alineándolas de tal forma que permitan salvaguardar los activos específicos invertidos por los productores y reducir la incertidumbre, bajando así los costos de transacción

Enhanced growth rate of atmospheric particles from sulfuric acid

In the present-day atmosphere, sulfuric acid is the most important vapour for aerosol particle formation and initial growth. However, the growth rates of nanoparticles (<10 nm) from sulfuric acid remain poorly measured. Therefore, the effect of stabilizing bases, the contribution of ions and the impact of attractive forces on molecular collisions are under debate. Here, we present precise growth rate measurements of uncharged sulfuric acid particles from 1.8 to 10 nm, performed under atmospheric conditions in the CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) CLOUD chamber. Our results show that the evaporation of sulfuric acid particles above 2 nm is negligible, and growth proceeds kinetically even at low ammonia concentrations. The experimental growth rates exceed the hard-sphere kinetic limit for the condensation of sulfuric acid. We demonstrate that this results from van der Waals forces between the vapour molecules and particles and disentangle it from charge–dipole interactions. The magnitude of the enhancement depends on the assumed particle hydration and collision kinetics but is increasingly important at smaller sizes, resulting in a steep rise in the observed growth rates with decreasing size. Including the experimental results in a global model, we find that the enhanced growth rate of sulfuric acid particles increases the predicted particle number concentrations in the upper free troposphere by more than 50 %

Enhanced growth rate of atmospheric particles from sulfuric acid

In the present-day atmosphere, sulfuric acid is the most important vapour for aerosol particle formation and initial growth. However, the growth rates of nanoparticles (<10 nm) from sulfuric acid remain poorly measured. Therefore, the effect of stabilizing bases, the contribution of ions and the impact of attractive forces on molecular collisions are under debate. Here, we present precise growth rate measurements of uncharged sulfuric acid particles from 1.8 to 10 nm, performed under atmospheric conditions in the CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) CLOUD chamber. Our results show that the evaporation of sulfuric acid particles above 2 nm is negligible, and growth proceeds kinetically even at low ammonia concentrations. The experimental growth rates exceed the hard-sphere kinetic limit for the condensation of sulfuric acid. We demonstrate that this results from van derWaals forces between the vapour molecules and particles and disentangle it from charge-dipole interactions. The magnitude of the enhancement depends on the assumed particle hydration and collision kinetics but is increasingly important at smaller sizes, resulting in a steep rise in the observed growth rates with decreasing size. Including the experimental results in a global model, we find that the enhanced growth rate of sulfuric acid particles increases the predicted particle number concentrations in the upper free troposphere by more than 50 %.Peer reviewe

Role of iodine oxoacids in atmospheric aerosol nucleation

Iodic acid (HIO₃) is known to form aerosol particles in coastal marine regions, but predicted nucleation and growth rates are lacking. Using the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber, we find that the nucleation rates of HIO₃ particles are rapid, even exceeding sulfuric acid–ammonia rates under similar conditions. We also find that ion-induced nucleation involves IO₃⁻ and the sequential addition of HIO₃ and that it proceeds at the kinetic limit below +10°C. In contrast, neutral nucleation involves the repeated sequential addition of iodous acid (HIO₂) followed by HIO₃, showing that HIO₂ plays a key stabilizing role. Freshly formed particles are composed almost entirely of HIO₃, which drives rapid particle growth at the kinetic limit. Our measurements indicate that iodine oxoacid particle formation can compete with sulfuric acid in pristine regions of the atmosphere