Recent advances in highly-efficient near infrared OLED emitters

Near infrared (NIR) light (700–1400 nm) can be used in numerous biological/medical as well as technological applications. In this work we review the most recent examples of highly efficient NIR organic light-emitting diode (OLED) emitters among the most relevant types of luminophores: platinum(II), iridium(III), and osmium(II) complexes, unimolecular thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters and exciplexes, fluorescent dyes, and the emerging group of stable luminescent radicals. We dive into the structural design principles of emitters with improved NIR efficiency. In our discussion we consider unimolecular emission as well as that arising from aggregated luminophores, as the latter often leads to a longer wavelength NIR. Our analysis of numerous emitters from various groups concludes, without a doubt, that platinum(II) complexes present superior efficiency in nearly all wavelengths from 700 to 1000 nm. We report on an apparent NIR boundary line, which appears to be a current limitation for NIR OLED efficiency. Presently, virtually only platinum(II) complexes exceed the efficiency limit set out by this boundary. So far efficient OLEDs, i.e. >1% external quantum efficiency, emitting significantly beyond 1000 nm have not yet been reported

Palladium-catalyzed regioselective and stereo-invertive ring-opening borylation of 2-arylaziridines with bis(pinacolato)diboron: Experimental and computational studies

A palladium catalyzed regioselective borylative ring opening reaction of 2-arylaziridines to give β-amino-β-arylethylborates was developed. The reaction reported herein represents the first example of ring-opening borylation of non-vinylic aziridines and direct borylative C(sp3)-N bond cleavage of neutral organic substrates. NMR studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that the active intermediate for the reaction is a PdL2 complex [L = P(t-Bu)2Me]. The multi-component artificial force-induced reaction method (MC-AFIR) located the transition states for the regioselectivity-determining aziridine ring opening that proceeds in an SN2 fashion, and explained the selectivity of the reaction. The full catalytic cycle consists of a selectivity-determining aziridine ring opening (oxidative addition), a proton transfer, phosphine ligand dissociation from the catalyst, boron-boron bond cleavage, and reductive elimination. Water is important to the drive the transmetalation step. The calculated overall mechanism and selectivity are consistent with the experimental results

Conformationally-flexible and moderately electron-donating units-installed D–A–D triad enabling multicolor-changing mechanochromic luminescence, TADF and room-temperature phosphorescence

A novel twisted donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) π-conjugated compound that contains flexible and moderately-electron-donating units has been designed and synthesized. It exhibited not only multi-color-changing mechanochromic luminescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence, but also, unexpectedly, room-temperature phosphorescence in a host layer

Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Comparative Study of Macrocyclic Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Compounds: Molecular Charge Stability vs OLED EQE Roll-Off

In this work, we present how a small change in molecular structure can affect the electrochemical stability of organic compounds. A new electron donor-acceptor-donor-acceptor (D-A-D-A) macrocyclic π-conjugated compound (tBuMC) comprising of dibenzophenazine as As and N,N’-bis(t-butylphenyl)-p-phenylenediamines as Ds has been synthesized. The photophysical investigation uncovered that tBuMC showed thermally activated delayed fluorescence and that the organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) fabricated with tBuMC as the emitter achieved high external quantum efficiency (EQEs) of ca. 10%. However, the OLED with tBuMC showed a slightly lower EQE than that of the OLED with MC (11.6%) and showed greater EQE roll-off. Comparative studies on electrochemical properties of tBuMC, MC, and a linear analogue (Linear) revealed the introduction of t-Bu groups in the D-A-D-A scaffold causes a significant change in redox behavior. Full electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies gave clues to understand how the steric hindering group is affecting the charge distribution in the new molecules which results in a significant difference in the OLED roll-off. The electrochemical investigations together with UV-Vis-NIR and EPR analyses supported by quantum chemical theoretical calculations were performed, which provided us insights on the effect of structural modification on the redox properties of the D-A-D-A scaffold.This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: A. Nyga, S. Izumi, H. F. Higginbotham, P. Stachelek, S. Pluczyk, P. de Silva, S. Minakata, Y. Takeda, P. Data, Asian J. Org. Chem. 2020, 9, 2153., which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/ajoc.202000475. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving

Inclusión de subproductos de orujo de aceituna en dietas de cerdos de cebo: rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal

[ES] Actualmente la carne de cerdo es la carne que más se consume a nivel mundial y se prevé que su producción aumente en los próximos años. Por ello, la industria alimentaria a través de sus subproductos ofrece potenciales materias primas alternativas para alimentación animal, que conllevan una menor carga ambiental. En España existen subproductos, típicamente mediterráneos como los del olivar. El orujo de aceituna es un subproducto de la fabricación del aceite de oliva. Su disponibilidad es bastante elevada durante todo el año, pudiéndose deshidratar, por lo que incrementa su interés para la alimentación animal. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es determinar los efectos de inclusión de orujo de aceituna parcialmente desengrasado en dietas de cerdos de cebo sobre el rendimiento del crecimiento, la salud intestinal y la calidad de la carne. Los ensayos productivos se llevaron a cabo en la unidad experimental de cebo del Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). En el ensayo productivo se utilizaron 160 animales de 20kg de peso, que fueron distribuidos en 32 corrales de cebo a razón de 5 animales/corral. Posteriormente, a cada corral se le asignó un tratamiento experimental. Durante el periodo experimental se realizaron controles quincenales de peso/animal y consumos por corral. Una vez sacrificados los animales se tomaron medidas de pH, espesor de grasa, color en las canales y se tomaron muestras de grasa subcutánea para su posterior análisis de ácidos grasos. Para el ensayo de la salud intestinal se tomaron muestras de heces de dos animales por corral al azar. Por cada corral se homogeneizaron las dos muestras y se trató como una. Se sembró en los distintos medios de cultivo y posteriormente se procedió a la lectura de las colonias crecidas en cada medio. Para el ensayo de ácidos grasos se utilizó la metodología propuesta por O’Fallon et al., (2007). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los distintos tratamientos en cuanto al rendimiento, la calidad de la canal y los recuentos microbiológicos. El perfil de ácidos grasos tampoco mostró diferencias entre los distintos tratamientos, pero la concentración de AGMI (ácidos grasos monoinsaturados) fue mayor y la de AGP(ácidos grasos poliinsaturados) fue menor en los animales alimentados con un 12% de inclusión de orujo de aceituna. La falta de diferencias en los resultados obtenidos demostró que un 12% de inclusión de orujo de aceituna se puede suministrar a los animales sin ningún efecto negativo sobre los rendimientos, la calidad de la canal, la salud intestinal y que mejora el perfil de AG (ácidos grasos) de la grasa subcutánea.[EN] Pork meat is currently one of the most consumed meats worldwide and its production is expected to increase in the years to come. That is why the food industry offers alternative and potential raw material through its sub-products for the animal feed, which imply lower environmental burden. In Spain there are sub-products typically Mediterranean, such as the ones derived from the olive grove. The olive cake is a sub-product which results from the manufacturing of olive oil. Its availability is quite high during the whole year, but it can be dehydrated, and that is why the animal feed industry’s interest increases. The main objective of this thesis is to determine the effects of the inclusion of partiallydegreased olive cake in diets of fattening pigs on the growth performance, the intestinal health and the meat quality. The productive tests were carried out in the fattening experimental unit of the Animal Research and Technology Centre of the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA). In the productive test 160 animals of 20 kg of weight were used, distributed in 32 fattening farmyards, at a rate of 5 animals per farmyard. During the experimental period, fortnightly controls were carried out, related to weight per animal and consumption per farmyard. Once the animals were sacrificed, several measures were adopted, regarding Ph., fat thickness and carcass color, and also several subcutaneous fat samples were taken in order to further analyze them in terms of fatty acids. For the intestinal health test, stool samples from two animals were taken, chosen randomly per farmyard. These two samples per farmyard were homogenized in order to only work on one, which was sown in the different crops. Subsequently, the settlements grown in each crop were analyzed. For the fatty acids test, the methodology suggested by O’Fallon et al., (2007) was implemented. No relevant differences were found among the different treatments regarding performance, carcass quality and microbiological recounts. The fatty acids profile also showed no differences among the different treatments, but the concentration of MUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids) was higher and the concentration of polyunsaturated fats was lower in the animal fed with 12% of inclusion in olive cake. The lack of differences in the results obtained proved that 12% of olive cake may be supplied to the animals without risk of having negative effects on performance, carcass quality and intestinal health, and that it even enhance the profile of fatty acids of the subcutaneous fat.Sanchis Esteve, E. (2018). Inclusión de subproductos de orujo de aceituna en dietas de cerdos de cebo: rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/114835TFG

Non-Surgical Management of Bile Leakage After Hepatectomy: A Single-Center Study

【Background】 Bile leakage after hepatectomy is a common complication. The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the usefulness of non-surgical management of bile leakage after hepatectomy, using 12-year data from a single center study. 【Methods】 Data from 15 patients (13 men, two women; mean age 67.1 ± 7.0 years) who had undergone nonsurgical management for bile leakage between January 2005 and November 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. 【Results】 We categorized bile leakage as central (n = 5) or peripheral (n = 10) leakage based on communication with the biliary tree. Percutaneous bile leakage drainage and/or endoscopic naso-biliary drainage (ENBD) (n = 2) or the rendezvous technique (n = 3) was successfully performed in five central-type cases, while all peripheral-type cases were treated with drainage alone; only one case required additional ethanol ablation. Bacterial bile cultures were positive in 11 cases and negative in four cases. The drainage catheters were removed after complete resolution in 13 cases (86.7%), while two patients with cases of peripheral-type leakage died due to cancer progression while the drain was in place. No case needed conversion to reoperation. The mean duration of drainage therapy in all cases was 210.1 ± 163.0 days (range 17?531 days), with 316.8 ± 180.8 days in the central type and 156.7 ± 131.5 days in the peripheral type; this duration was not significantly different (P = 0.129). 【Conclusion】 Non-surgical treatment is a minimally　invasive and effective management strategy for postoperative bile leakage and the modality used depends on the type of bile leakage encountered

Our experience with the significance of collaborative medical and dental surgeries at the Head and Neck Cancer Center, Okayama University Hospital

　　We have been collaborating with head and neck surgeons, plastic surgeons and oral surgeons in surgeries for many patients with head and neck carcinomas（ especially oral carcinomas） since 2006（ fiscal year 2005）. The Head and Neck Cancer Center was established at Okayama University Hospital in 2012. 　This Center was the first of its kind at a national university hospital in Japan. 　At the Center, 174 operations on head and neck carcinomas and 96 reconstructive operations were performed in 2014（ fiscal year）. 　Medical and dental collaborative operations have been increasing almost every year since the 2005 fiscal year. There were 45 collaborative operations in the 2014 fiscal year, which included 30 cases of bone or metal plate reconstruction or plate reinforcement of the jaws. 　There were 76 medical and dental collaborative operations in the 7 years before the establishment of the Center, with a mean of 10.9 operations per year. Since the establishment of the Center, there have been 112 cases over 3 years with a mean of 37.3 operations per year. The number of surgeries has been markedly increased by the establishment of the Head and Neck Cancer Center

FRET-mediated near infrared whispering gallery modes: studies on the relevance of intracavity energy transfer with Q-factor

Near infrared (NIR) optical microsphere resonators are prepared by coassembly of energy-donating and accepting conjugated polymers. In the microspheres, fluorescence resonance energy transfer occurs, leading to sharp and periodic photoluminescence from whispering gallery modes in the NIR region with Q-factors as high as 600

Twisting strategy applied to N,N-diorganoquinacridones leads to organic chromophores exhibiting efficient solid-state fluorescence

A new molecular design of organic emitters exhibiting efficient solid-state fluorescence, which involves planarity breaking of N, N-diorganoquinacridones, is presented. The new design principle led to the development of dimethyl 2, 5-diaminoterephthalates and 2, 5-diamino-1, 4-diaroylbenzenes, which emitted green to yellow and yellow to red light with high-to-excellent quantum yields, respectively. In addition, the photoluminescence properties of the diaroylbenzenes were dependent on the morphology and reversibly variable by thermal and solvent vapor stimuli