Virtual Cathode Diagnostics with a Large Dynamic Range for a Continuous Wave SRF Photoinjector

In a SRF photoinjector the close relationship between the laser pulse and the generated electron bunch parameters requires continuous monitoring of some of the laser pulse parameters. A laser diagnostic system, called virtual cathode, is a key part of a system that controls the stability of the laser. One of the main challenges for the virtual cathode is to cover the large dynamic range of the photocathode laser between commissioning at 120 Hz and operation at 1.3 GHz repetition rate with constant laser pulse parameters. The design of the virtual cathode as well as first measurements with a photocathode drive laser for the SRF injector test facility GunLab of BERLinPro will be presente

Comments on the optical lineshape function: Application to transient hole-burned spectra of bacterial reaction centers

Citation: Reppert, M., Kell, A., Pruitt, T., & Jankowiak, R. (2015). Comments on the optical lineshape function: Application to transient hole-burned spectra of bacterial reaction centers. Journal of Chemical Physics, 142(9), 7. doi:10.1063/1.4913685The vibrational spectral density is an important physical parameter needed to describe both linear and non-linear spectra of multi-chromophore systems such as photosynthetic complexes. Low-temperature techniques such as hole burning (HB) and fluorescence line narrowing are commonly used to extract the spectral density for a given electronic transition from experimental data. We report here that the lineshape function formula reported by Hayes et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 98, 7337 (1994)] in the mean-phonon approximation and frequently applied to analyzing HB data contains inconsistencies in notation, leading to essentially incorrect expressions in cases of moderate and strong electron-phonon (el-ph) coupling strengths. A corrected lineshape function L(omega) is given that retains the computational and intuitive advantages of the expression of Hayes et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 98, 7337 (1994)]. Although the corrected lineshape function could be used in modeling studies of various optical spectra, we suggest that it is better to calculate the lineshape function numerically, without introducing the mean-phonon approximation. New theoretical fits of the P870 and P960 absorption bands and frequency-dependent resonant HB spectra of Rb. sphaeroides and Rps. viridis reaction centers are provided as examples to demonstrate the importance of correct lineshape expressions. Comparison with the previously determined el-ph coupling parameters [Johnson et al., J. Phys. Chem. 94, 5849 (1990); Lyle et al., ibid. 97, 6924 (1993); Reddy et al., ibid. 97, 6934 (1993)] is also provided. The new fits lead to modified el-ph coupling strengths and different frequencies of the special pair marker mode, omega(sp), for Rb. sphaeroides that could be used in the future for more advanced calculations of absorption and HB spectra obtained for various bacterial reaction centers. (c) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC

Mechanical impact behavior of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK)

This paper deals with the mechanical behavior of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) under impact loading. PEEK polymers are the great interested in the field of medical implants due to their biocompatibility, weight reduction, radiology advantage and 3D printing properties. Implant applications can involve impact loading during useful life and medical installation, such as hip systems, bone anchors and cranial prostheses. In this work, the mechanical impact behavior of PEEK is compared with Ti6AI4V titanium alloy commonly used for medical applications. In order to calculate the kinetic energy absorption in the impact process, perforation tests have been conducted on plates of both materials using steel spheres of 1.3 g mass as rigid penetrators. The perforation test covered impact kinetic energies from 21 J to 131 J, the equivalent range observed in a fall, an accidental impact or a bike accident. At all impact energies, the ductile process of PEEK plates was noted and no evidence of brittle failure was observed. Numerical modeling that includes rate dependent material is presented and validated with experimental data.The researchers of the University Carlos Ill of Madrid are indebted to Ministerio de Ciencia e lnnovación de España (Project DPl/2011 24068) for the financial support received which allowed conducting part of this work

Perforation Analysis of the Aluminum Alloy Sheets Subjected to High Rate of Loading and Heated Using Thermal Chamber: Experimental and Numerical Approach

The analysis of the mechanical characteristics and dynamic behavior of aluminum alloy sheet due to perforation tests based on the experimental tests coupled with the numerical simulation is presented. The impact problems (penetration and perforation) of the metallic plates have been of interest for a long time. Experimental, analytical as well as numerical studies have been carried out to analyze in details the perforation process. Based on these approaches, the ballistic properties of the material have been studied. The initial and residual velocities laser sensor is used during experiments to obtain the ballistic curve and the ballistic limit. The energy balance is also reported together with the energy absorbed by the aluminum including the ballistic curve and ballistic limit. The high speed camera helps to estimate the failure time and to calculate the impact force. A wide range of initial impact velocities from 40 up to 180 m/s has been covered during the tests. The mass of the conical nose shaped projectile is 28 g, its diameter is 12 mm, and the thickness of the aluminum sheet is equal to 1.0 mm. The ABAQUS/Explicit finite element code has been used to simulate the perforation processes. The comparison of the ballistic curve was obtained numerically and was verified experimentally, and the failure patterns are presented using the optimal mesh densities which provide the stability of the results. A good agreement of the numerical and experimental results is observed

Single Particle Tracking for Simultaneous Long and Short Electron Bunches in the BESSY II Storage Ring

A scheme where 1.5 ps and 15 ps long bunches rms can be stored simultaneously in the BESSY II storage ring has recently been proposed BESSYVSR . This paper presents simulations of single particle beam dynamics influenced by superconducting cavities used for the strong longitudinal beam focusing. The effect of RF jitter on very short bunches is investigated and results are discussed. Furthermore, possible effects on beam dynamics during ramp up and ramp down of the high gradient fields in the cavities are studied. The primary goal is to reveal preliminary design specifications for RF jitter on the basis of single particle dynamic

Low Cost Hydrogen Production Platform

A technology and design evaluation was carried out for the development of a turnkey hydrogen production system in the range of 2.4 - 12 kg/h of hydrogen. The design is based on existing SMR technology and existing chemical processes and technologies to meet the design objectives. Consequently, the system design consists of a steam methane reformer, PSA system for hydrogen purification, natural gas compression, steam generation and all components and heat exchangers required for the production of hydrogen. The focus of the program is on packaging, system integration and an overall step change in the cost of capital required for the production of hydrogen at small scale. To assist in this effort, subcontractors were brought in to evaluate the design concepts and to assist in meeting the overall goals of the program. Praxair supplied the overall system and process design and the subcontractors were used to evaluate the components and system from a manufacturing and overall design optimization viewpoint. Design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) techniques, computer models and laboratory/full-scale testing of components were utilized to optimize the design during all phases of the design development. Early in the program evaluation, a review of existing Praxair hydrogen facilities showed that over 50% of the installed cost of a SMR based hydrogen plant is associated with the high temperature components (reformer, shift, steam generation, and various high temperature heat exchange). The main effort of the initial phase of the program was to develop an integrated high temperature component for these related functions. Initially, six independent concepts were developed and the processes were modeled to determine overall feasibility. The six concepts were eventually narrowed down to the highest potential concept. A US patent was awarded in February 2009 for the Praxair integrated high temperature component design. A risk analysis of the high temperature component was conducted to identify any potential design deficiency related to the concept. The analysis showed that no fundamental design flaw existed with the concept, but additional simulations and prototypes would be required to verify the design prior to fabricating a production unit. These identified risks were addressed in detail during Phase II of the development program. Along with the models of the high temperature components, a detailed process and 3D design model of the remainder of system, including PSA, compression, controls, water treatment and instrumentation was developed and evaluated. Also, in Phase II of the program, laboratory/fullscale testing of the high temperature components was completed and stable operation/control of the system was verified. The overall design specifications and test results were then used to develop accurate hydrogen costs for the optimized system. Praxair continued development and testing of the system beyond the Phase II funding provided by the DOE through the end of 2008. This additional testing is not documented in this report, but did provide significant additional data for development of a prototype system as detailed in the Phase III proposal. The estimated hydrogen product costs were developed (2007 basis) for the 4.8 kg/h system at production rates of 1, 5, 10, 100 and 1,000 units built per year. With the low cost SMR approach, the product hydrogen costs for the 4.8 kg/h units at 50 units produced per year were approximately $3.02 per kg. With increasing the volume production to 1,000 units per year, the hydrogen costs are reduced by about 12$2.67 per kg. The cost reduction of only 12% is a result of significant design and fabrication efficiencies being realized in all levels of production runs through utilizing the DFMA principles. A simplified and easily manufactured design does not require large production volumes to show significant cost benefits. These costs represent a significant improvement and a new benchmark in the cost to produce small volume on-site hydrogen using existing process technologies. The cost models assume a natural gas cost of $5/MMBtu (HHV). Praxair has, in Phases I and II of this program, shown that significant improvements in cost, plant layout, system integration and overall system optimization are achievable. Phase III of the program, submitted in January 2007, was to focus on demonstrating both the technical feasibility and economic viability of the design developed in Phases I and II through a full-scale prototype design, construction, installation, analysis and operation at a hydrogen fueling station. Due to funding limitations, Phase III of the program was not approved by the DOE

Influence of Transient Beam Loading on the Longitudinal Beam Dynamics at BESSY VSR

BESSY VSR, a scheme where 1.7 ps and 15 ps long bunches rms can be stored simultaneously in the BESSY II storage ring has recently been proposed [1]. The strong longitudinal bunch focusing is achieved by superconducting high gradient RF cavities. If the bunch fill pattern exhibits a significant inhomogeneity, e.g. due to gaps, transient beam loading causes a distortion of the longitudinal phase space which is different for each bunch. The result are variations along the fill pattern in synchronous phase, synchrotron fre quency and bunch shape. This paper presents investigations of transient beam loading and depicts the consequences on bunch length, phase stability and longitudinal multi bunch oscillations for the projected setup of BESSY VS

Site Energies of Active and Inactive Pheophytins in the Reaction Center of Photosystem II from Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii

31 Pags. The definitive version is available at: http://pubs.acs.org/journal/jpcbfkIt is widely accepted that the primary electron acceptor in various Photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers (RCs) is pheophytin a (Pheo a) within the D1 protein (PheoD1), while PheoD2 (within the D2 protein) is photochemically inactive. The Pheo site energies, however, have remained elusive, due to inherent spectral congestion. While most researchers over the last two decades assigned the Qy-states of PheoD1 and PheoD2 bands near 678–684 nm and 668–672 nm, respectively, recent modeling [Raszewski et al. Biophys. J. 2005, 88, 986–998; Cox et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 12364–12374] of the electronic structure of the PSII RC reversed the location of the active and inactive Pheos, suggesting that the mean site energy of PheoD1 is near 672 nm, whereas PheoD2 (~677.5 nm) and ChlD1 (~680 nm) have the lowest energies (i.e., the PheoD2-dominated exciton is the lowest excited state). In contrast, chemical pigment exchange experiments on isolated RCs suggested that both pheophytins have their Qy absorption maxima at 676–680 nm [Germano et al. Biochem. 2001, 40, 11472–11482; Germano et al. Biophys. J. 2004, 86, 1664–1672]. To provide more insight into the site energies of both PheoD1 and PheoD2 (including the corresponding Qx transitions, which are often claimed to be degenerate at 543 nm) and to attest that the above two assignments are most likely incorrect, we studied a large number of isolated RC preparations from spinach and wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (at different levels of intactness) as well as the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant (D2-L209H), in which the active branch PheoD1 is genetically replaced with chlorophyll a (Chl a). We show that the Qx-/Qy-region site-energies of PheoD1 and PheoD2 are ~545/680 nm and ~541.5/670 nm, respectively, in good agreement with our previous assignment [Jankowiak et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 8803–8814]. The latter values should be used to model excitonic structure and excitation energy transfer dynamics of the PSII RCs.Partial support to B.N. (involved in calculations) was provided by the NSF EPSCoR Grant. V.Z. (involved in writing the manuscript) acknowledges support by NSERC. R.T.S., R.P., and M.S. were involved in the design and preparation of D2-mutant and RCs. They acknowledge support from USDOE, Photosynthetic Antennae Research Center (R.T.S.), MICIN (Grant AGL2008-00377) in Spain (R.P.), and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Photosynthetic Systems Program within the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences under NREL Contract #DE-AC36-08-GO28308 (M.S.).Peer reviewe

The Injector Layout of BERLinPro

BERLinPro is an Energy Recovery Linac Project running since 2011 at the HZB in Berlin. A conceptual design report has been published in 2012 [1]. One of the key components of the project is the 100 mA superconducting RF photocathode gun under development at the HZB since 2010. Starting in 2016 the injector will go into operation, providing 6.6 MeV electrons with an emittance well below 1mm mrad and bunches shorter than 5 ps. In 2017 the 50 MeV linac will be set up and full recirculation is planned for 2018. The injector design has been finalized and is described in detail in this paper. Emphasis is further laid on beam dynamics aspects and performance simulations of two different gun cavitie