104 research outputs found

    Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in epilepsy patients enhances cooperative behavior in the prisoner's dilemma task

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    The vagus nerve constitutes a key link between the autonomic and the central nervous system. Previous studies provide evidence for the impact of vagal activity on distinct cognitive processes including functions related to social cognition. Recent studies in animals and humans show that vagus nerve stimulation is associated with enhanced reward-seeking and dopamine-release in the brain. Social interaction recruits similar brain circuits to reward processing. We hypothesize that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) boosts rewarding aspects of social behavior and compare the impact of transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) and sham stimulation on social interaction in 19 epilepsy patients in a double-blind pseudo-randomized study with cross-over design. Using a well-established paradigm, i.e., the prisoner's dilemma, we investigate effects of stimulation on cooperative behavior, as well as interactions of stimulation effects with patient characteristics. A repeated-measures ANOVA and a linear mixed-effects model provide converging evidence that tVNS boosts cooperation. Post-hoc correlations reveal that this effect varies as a function of neuroticism, a personality trait linked to the dopaminergic system. Behavioral modeling indicates that tVNS induces a behavioral starting bias towards cooperation, which is independent of the decision process. This study provides evidence for the causal influence of vagus nerve activity on social interaction

    Microstructure predicts non-motor outcomes following deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease

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    Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) effectively treats motor and non-motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). As considerable interindividual variability of outcomes exists, neuroimaging-based biomarkers, including microstructural metrics, have been proposed to anticipate treatment response. In this prospective open-label study, we sought to detect microstructural properties of brain areas associated with short-term non-motor outcomes following STN-DBS. Thirty-seven PD patients underwent diffusion MRI and clinical assessments at preoperative baseline and 6-month follow-up. Whole brain voxel-wise analysis assessed associations between microstructural metrics and non-motor outcomes. Intact microstructure within specific areas, including the right insular cortex, right putamen, right cingulum, and bilateral corticospinal tract were associated with greater postoperative improvement of non-motor symptom burden. Furthermore, microstructural properties of distinct brain regions were associated with postoperative changes in sleep, attention/memory, urinary symptoms, and apathy. In conclusion, diffusion MRI could support preoperative patient counselling by identifying patients with above- or below-average non-motor responses

    Socioeconomic Outcome and Quality of Life in Adults after Status Epilepticus: A Multicenter, Longitudinal, Matched Case–Control Analysis from Germany

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    BackgroundThere is a lack of data concerning socioeconomic outcome and quality of life (QoL) in patients after status epilepticus (SE) in Germany.Patients and methodsAdult patients treated between 2011 and 2015 due to SE at the university hospitals in Frankfurt, Greifswald, and Marburg were asked to fill out a questionnaire regarding long-term outcome of at least 3 months after discharge. The SE cohort consisted of 25.9% patients with an acute symptomatic, 42% with a remote symptomatic and previous epilepsy, 22.2% with a new-onset remote symptomatic, and 9.9% with other or unknown etiology. A matched case–control analysis was applied for comparison with patients with drug refractory epilepsy and seizure remission, both not previously affected by SE.ResultsA total of 81 patients (mean age: 58.7 ± 18.0 years; 58% female) participated. A non-refractory course was present in 59.3%, while 27.2% had a refractory SE (RSE) and 13.6% had a superrefractory SE (SRSE). Before admission, a favorable modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0–3 was found in 82.7% (67/81), deteriorating to 38.3% (31/81) (p = 0.003) at discharge. The majority returned home [51.9% (42/81)], 32.1% entered a rehabilitation facility, while 12.3% were transferred to a nursing home and 3.7% to another hospital. The overall mRS at follow-up did not change; 61.8% (45/74) reached an mRS of 0–3. In RSE and SRSE, the proportion with a favorable mRS increased from 45.5% at discharge to 70% at follow-up, while QoL was comparable to a non-refractory SE course. Matched epilepsy controls in seizure remission were treated with a lower mean number of anticonvulsants (1.3 ± 0.7) compared to controls with drug refractory epilepsy (1.9 ± 0.8; p < 0.001) or SE (1.9 ± 1.1; p < 0.001). A major depression was found in 32.8% of patients with SE and in 36.8% of drug refractory epilepsy, but only in 20.3% of patients in seizure remission. QoL was reduced in all categories (QOLIE-31) in SE patients in comparison with patients in seizure remission, but was comparable to patients with drug refractory epilepsy.DiscussionPatients after SE show substantial impairments in their QoL and daily life activities. However, in the long term, patients with RSE and SRSE had a relatively favorable outcome comparable to that of patients with a non-refractory SE course. This underlines the need for efficient therapeutic options in SE

    Antiepileptogenesis after Stroke - Trials and Tribulations: Methodological Challenges and Recruitment Results of a Phase II Study with Eslicarbazepine Acetate.

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    There is currently no evidence to support the use of antiseizure medications to prevent unprovoked seizures following stroke. Experimental animal models suggested a potential antiepileptogenic effect for eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), and a Phase II, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to test this hypothesis and assess whether ESL treatment for 1 month can prevent unprovoked seizures following stroke. We outline the design and status of this antiepileptogenesis study, and discuss the challenges encountered in its execution to date. Patients at high risk of developing unprovoked seizures after acute intracerebral haemorrhage or acute ischaemic stroke were randomised to receive ESL 800 mg/day or placebo, initiated within 120 hours after primary stroke occurrence. Treatment continued until Day 30, then tapered off. Patients could receive all necessary therapies for stroke treatment according to clinical practice guidelines and standard of care, and are being followed up for 18 months. The primary efficacy endpoint is occurrence of a first unprovoked seizure within 6 months after randomisation ('failure rate'). Secondary efficacy assessments include occurrence of a first unprovoked seizure during 12 months after randomisation and during the entire study; functional outcomes (Barthel Index original 10-item version; National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale); post-stroke depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9); and overall survival. Safety assessments include evaluation of treatment-emergent adverse events; laboratory parameters; vital signs; electrocardiogram; suicidal ideation and behaviour (PHQ-9 question 9). The protocol aimed to randomise approximately 200 patients (1:1), recruited from 21 sites in seven European countries and Israel. Despite the challenges encountered, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, the study progressed and included a remarkable number of patients, with 129 screened and 125 randomised. Recruitment was stopped after 30 months, the first patient entered in May 2019, and the study is ongoing and following up on patients according to the Clinical Trial Protocol

    Efficacy, Retention, and Tolerability of Brivaracetam in Patients With Epileptic Encephalopathies: A Multicenter Cohort Study From Germany

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    Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of brivaracetam (BRV) in a severely drug refractory cohort of patients with epileptic encephalopathies (EE).Method: A multicenter, retrospective cohort study recruiting all patients treated with EE who began treatment with BRV in an enrolling epilepsy center between 2016 and 2017.Results: Forty-four patients (27 male [61%], mean age 29 years, range 6 to 62) were treated with BRV. The retention rate was 65% at 3 months, 52% at 6 months and 41% at 12 months. A mean retention time of 5 months resulted in a cumulative exposure to BRV of 310 months. Three patients were seizure free during the baseline. At 3 months, 20 (45%, 20/44 as per intention-to-treat analysis considering all patients that started BRV including three who were seizure free during baseline) were either seizure free (n = 4; 9%, three of them already seizure-free at baseline) or reported at least 25% (n = 4; 9%) or 50% (n = 12; 27%) reduction in seizures. An increase in seizure frequency was reported in two (5%) patients, while there was no change in the seizure frequency of the other patients. A 50% long-term responder rate was apparent in 19 patients (43%), with two (5%) free from seizures for more than six months and in nine patients (20%, with one [2 %] free from seizures) for more than 12 months. Treatment-emergent adverse events were predominantly of psychobehavioural nature and were observed in 16%.Significance: In this retrospective analysis the rate of patients with a 50% seizure reduction under BRV proofed to be similar to those seen in regulatory trials for focal epilepsies. BRV appears to be safe and relatively well tolerated in EE and might be considered in patients with psychobehavioral adverse events while on levetiracetam

    Efficacy, Retention and Tolerability of Everolimus in Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: A Survey-Based Study on Patients’ Perspectives

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    Background The approval of everolimus (EVE) for the treatment of angiomyolipoma (2013), subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (2013) and drug-refractory epilepsy (2017) in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) represents the first disease-modifying treatment option available for this rare and complex genetic disorder. Objective The objective of this study was to analyse the use, efficacy, tolerability and treatment retention of EVE in patients with TSC in Germany from the patient’s perspective. Methods A structured cross-age survey was conducted at 26 specialised TSC centres in Germany and by the German TSC patient advocacy group between February and July 2019, enrolling children, adolescents and adult patients with TSC. Results Of 365 participants, 36.7% (n = 134) reported the current or past intake of EVE, including 31.5% (n = 115) who were taking EVE at study entry. The mean EVE dosage was 6.1 ± 2.9 mg/m2 (median: 5.6 mg/m2, range 2.0–15.1 mg/m2) in children and adolescents and 4 ± 2.1 mg/m2 (median: 3.7 mg/m2, range 0.8–10.1 mg/m2) in adult patients. An early diagnosis of TSC, the presence of angiomyolipoma, drug-refractory epilepsy, neuropsychiatric manifestations, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma and overall multi-organ involvement were associated with the use of EVE as a disease-modifying treatment. The reported efficacy was 64.0% for angiomyolipoma (75% in adult patients), 66.2% for drug-refractory epilepsy, and 54.4% for subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. The overall retention rate for EVE was 85.8%. The retention rates after 12 months of EVE therapy were higher among adults (93.7%) than among children and adolescents (88.7%; 90.5% vs 77.4% after 24 months; 87.3% vs 77.4% after 36 months). Tolerability was acceptable, with 70.9% of patients overall reporting adverse events, including stomatitis (47.0%), acne-like rash (7.7%), increased susceptibility to common infections and lymphoedema (each 6.0%), which were the most frequently reported symptoms. With a total score of 41.7 compared with 36.8 among patients not taking EVE, patients currently being treated with EVE showed an increased Liverpool Adverse Event Profile. Noticeable deviations in the sub-items ‘tiredness’, ‘skin problems’ and ‘mouth/gum problems’, which are likely related to EVE-typical adverse effects, were more frequently reported among patients taking EVE. Conclusions From the patients’ perspective, EVE is an effective and relatively well-tolerated disease-modifying treatment option for children, adolescents and adults with TSC, associated with a high long-term retention rate that can be individually considered for each patient. Everolimus therapy should ideally be supervised by a centre experienced in the use of mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors, and adverse effects should be monitored on a regular basis

    GWAS meta-analysis of over 29,000 people with epilepsy identifies 26 risk loci and subtype-specific genetic architecture

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    Epilepsy is a highly heritable disorder affecting over 50 million people worldwide, of which about one-third are resistant to current treatments. Here we report a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study including 29,944 cases, stratified into three broad categories and seven subtypes of epilepsy, and 52,538 controls. We identify 26 genome-wide significant loci, 19 of which are specific to genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). We implicate 29 likely causal genes underlying these 26 loci. SNP-based heritability analyses show that common variants explain between 39.6% and 90% of genetic risk for GGE and its subtypes. Subtype analysis revealed markedly different genetic architectures between focal and generalized epilepsies. Gene-set analyses of GGE signals implicate synaptic processes in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the brain. Prioritized candidate genes overlap with monogenic epilepsy genes and with targets of current antiseizure medications. Finally, we leverage our results to identify alternate drugs with predicted efficacy if repurposed for epilepsy treatment

    Genome-wide identification and phenotypic characterization of seizure-associated copy number variations in 741,075 individuals

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    Copy number variants (CNV) are established risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders with seizures or epilepsy. With the hypothesis that seizure disorders share genetic risk factors, we pooled CNV data from 10,590 individuals with seizure disorders, 16,109 individuals with clinically validated epilepsy, and 492,324 population controls and identified 25 genome-wide significant loci, 22 of which are novel for seizure disorders, such as deletions at 1p36.33, 1q44, 2p21-p16.3, 3q29, 8p23.3-p23.2, 9p24.3, 10q26.3, 15q11.2, 15q12-q13.1, 16p12.2, 17q21.31, duplications at 2q13, 9q34.3, 16p13.3, 17q12, 19p13.3, 20q13.33, and reciprocal CNVs at 16p11.2, and 22q11.21. Using genetic data from additional 248,751 individuals with 23 neuropsychiatric phenotypes, we explored the pleiotropy of these 25 loci. Finally, in a subset of individuals with epilepsy and detailed clinical data available, we performed phenome-wide association analyses between individual CNVs and clinical annotations categorized through the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO). For six CNVs, we identified 19 significant associations with specific HPO terms and generated, for all CNVs, phenotype signatures across 17 clinical categories relevant for epileptologists. This is the most comprehensive investigation of CNVs in epilepsy and related seizure disorders, with potential implications for clinical practice

    Intravenöses Levetiracetam zur Therapie des Status epilepticus –Eine retrospektive Erhebung

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    Der Status epilepticus (SE) ist mit einer Inzidenz von 20 pro 100.000 einer der hĂ€ufigsten neurologischen NotfĂ€lle ĂŒberhaupt. Er hat eine hohe MorbiditĂ€t und eine MortalitĂ€t von 16-26% und bedarf einer frĂŒhzeitigen und optimalen Therapie. Die medikamentöse Therapie des SE bestehend aus Benzodiazepinen als Mittel der ersten Wahl, Phenytoin, Valproat und Barbituraten ist nicht selten erfolglos, zudem sind viele Nebenwirkungen und Kontraindikationen bekannt, die die Applikation dieser Medikamente verbieten. Diese sind besonders bei Ă€lteren Patienten aufgrund eventueller KomorbiditĂ€ten und Polytherapien zu beachten. So sind zum Beispiel Phenytoin bei Herzrhythmusstörungen, Valproat bei LeberschĂ€digung und Barbiturate bei kardiovaskulĂ€rer InstabilitĂ€t kontraindiziert. Levetiracetam ist seit dem Jahr 2000 als orales Antikonvulsivum zugelassen. Es hat sich in oraler Gabe als neben- und wechselwirkungsarm erwiesen, wobei die aufgetretenen Nebenwirkungen hauptsĂ€chlich psychovegetativer Art sind und sich in Schwindel, MĂŒdigkeit und Stimmungsschwankungen Ă€ußern. Als erstes der neueren Antikonvulsiva ist es seit 2006 auch in intravenöser Applikationsform auf dem Markt, zugelassen fĂŒr die Indikation, dass die orale Applikation des Medikaments vorĂŒbergehend nicht möglich ist. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurden ĂŒber einen Zeitraum von 18 Monaten retrospektiv alle FĂ€lle erhoben, in denen Patienten im SE im Rahmen eines individuellen Heilversuchs Levetiracetam intravenös verabreicht bekommen hatten. Bei der Erhebung der Daten wurde insbesondere auf die Wirksamkeit des Medikaments sowie das Auftreten von Nebenwirkungen geachtet. Insgesamt wurden 19 FĂ€lle bei 17 verschiedenen Patienten in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die Auswertung der Daten hat ergeben, dass bei allen 19 Episoden ein fokaler Anfall zugrunde lag, in vier FĂ€llen mit sekundĂ€rer Generalisierung, in drei FĂ€llen als nonkonvulsiver SE. In acht FĂ€llen lag zum Zeitpunkt des SE bereits eine bekannte Epilepsie vor, bei elf Patienten handelte es sich um ein erstmaliges Ereignis. Ursachen des SE waren einerseits seit lĂ€ngerem bestehende intrakranielle Raumforderungen, andererseits akute Ereignisse wie Elektrolytentgleisung oder akute Blutungen bzw. IschĂ€mien. In fĂŒnf FĂ€llen blieb die Ursache des SE unklar. 42 Alle Episoden erwiesen sich als benzodiazepinrefraktĂ€r. Siebenmal war auch die Gabe von mindestens einem weiteren anderen Antikonvulsivum als Levetiracetam nicht erfolgreich. In 17 von 19 FĂ€llen konnte der Status epilepticus durch die Gabe von intravenösem Levetiracetam erfolgreich durchbrochen werden, in zwei FĂ€llen musste die Therapie um weitere Medikamente ergĂ€nzt werden. Schwerwiegende Nebenwirkungen, die auf das Medikament oder seine Applikationsform zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren gewesen wĂ€ren, waren in keinem der FĂ€lle zu verzeichnen. Aufgetretene Nebenwirkungen waren vorwiegend psychovegetativer Natur, zwei Patienten verstarben aufgrund ihrer Grunderkrankung. Zum Zeitpunkt dieser Studie lag keine Veröffentlichung ĂŒber eine grĂ¶ĂŸere Fallserie zu diesem Thema vor. Die spĂ€ter veröffentlichten Studien mit vergleichbarem Studiendesign zeigten Ă€hnliche Ergebnisse sowohl Patientenkollektiv, Ätiologie und Semiologie als auch Wirkung und MortalitĂ€tsrate betreffend. Besonders erwĂ€hnenswert ist, dass in allen Studien sowohl fokale und generalisierte konvulsive als auch non-konvulsive SE erfolgreich mit intravenösem Levetiracetam behandelt wurden, was die Besonderheit dieses Medikaments als „Breitband“- Antikonvulsivum hervorhebt. Die vorliegende Studie untermauert die Vermutung, dass Levetiracetam ein gut vertrĂ€gliches und wirkungsvolles Medikament im benzodiazepinrefraktĂ€ren Status epilepticus sein könnte. Die Aussagekraft dieser Studie ist jedoch vor allem durch das retrospektive Studiendesign sowie das kleine Patientenkollektiv begrenzt und es mĂŒssen prospektive randomisierte Studien folgen, die Wirksamkeit und LangzeitvertrĂ€glichkeit weiter untersuchen

    MR-tomographische Echtzeit-Darstellung der reduzierten MagenmotilitÀt bei Patienten mit idiopathischem Parkinson Syndrom im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollpersonen

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    Eine verzögerte Magenentleerung ist eines der nicht-motorischen Symptome, die bei IPS zu beobachten sind. Sie ist ein hĂ€ufiges PhĂ€nomen und tritt bereits in frĂŒhen Krankheitsstadien auf [Goetze et al. 2006; Djaldetti et al. 1996]. Die auf sie zurĂŒckzufĂŒhrenden klinischen Beschwerden wie Übelkeit und Erbrechen sind bei IPS- Patienten weniger von Bedeutung als der mögliche Einfluss einer verzögerten Magenentleerung auf die L-Dopa Resorption und die resultierenden Wirkfluktuationen. Weiterhin ist die verzögerte Magenentleerung als frĂŒhes Zeichen der Erkrankung von Interesse im Rahmen der FrĂŒhdiagnostik und -therapie. Kenntnisse ĂŒber die Magenphysiologie und –pathophysiologie sind im Allgemeinen und im Speziellen bei Parkinson bisher begrenzt. Dies ist unter anderem auf unzureichende diagnostische Möglichkeiten zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren [Horowitz et al. 2001]. Ziel dieser Pilotstudie war es, die Machbarkeit der Echtzeit-MRT zur Untersuchung der MagenmotilitĂ€t in der Anwendung bei IPS- Patienten im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollpersonen zu prĂŒfen und erste Daten zu möglichen VerĂ€nderungen bei IPS-Patienten zu gewinnen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zehn IPS- Patienten und zehn Kontrollpersonen untersucht. Die Probanden wurden nach Alter, BMI und Geschlecht gematcht. Die durchschnittliche Erkrankungsdauer der IPS- Patienten betrug 2,7 Jahre, sechs der Patienten waren bisher nicht medikamentös anbehandelte (de novo) Patienten. Bei allen Probanden wurde eine MRT des Magens nach nĂŒchterner Testmahlzeiteinnahme durchgefĂŒhrt. Die IPS- Patienten wurden im definierten „Off“ untersucht. Es wurde aus den MRT-Aufnahmen der GMI (gastric motility index) als Ausdruck fĂŒr die MagenmotilitĂ€t ermittelt, der sich wie folgt aus Geschwindigkeit (v) und Amplitude (d) einer peristaltischen Welle zusammensetzt: GMI=v*d. Weiterhin wurden alle Teilnehmenden körperlich untersucht und mittels folgender Fragebögen klinisch charakterisiert: PANDA, H&Y, UPDRS und MMST. Es zeigte sich ein erniedrigter GMI der IPS- Patienten im Vergleich zu dem der Kontrollpersonen (KP) (11 mm2/s [IPS] vs. 16,5 mm2/s [KP]). Dieser Unterschied war statistisch nicht signifikant, ließ sich aber dahingehend interpretieren, dass er einen Trend hin zu einer reduzierten MagenmotilitĂ€t bei IPS- Patienten anzeigte. FĂŒr die Geschwindigkeit der peristaltischen Wellen ergab sich fast kein Unterschied zwischen beiden Gruppen (2,08 mm/s [IPS] vs. 2,07 mm/s [KP]). Hingegen zeigte sich ein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied der Amplituden mit niedrigeren Werten fĂŒr die IPS- Patienten im Vergleich zu denen der KP (5,35 mm [IPS] vs. 8,06 mm [KP]). Daraus ließ sich unter BerĂŒcksichtigung der Formel fĂŒr den GMI (GMI=v*d) ableiten, dass der erniedrigte GMI bei nahezu gleichbleibender Geschwindigkeit auf erniedrigte Amplituden zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren war. Die Korrelationsanalyse zeigte, dass der Altersunterschied zwischen den beiden Gruppen (62 Jahre [IPS] vs. 53 Jahre [KP]) nicht mit den Ergebnissen der MagenmotilitĂ€t zusammenhing und somit eine Verzerrung, welche alleine auf den Altersunterschied zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren ist, unwahrscheinlich ist. Weiterhin zeigten sich im Streudiagramm fĂŒr GMI und Amplitude keine Cluster der Werte von de novo Patienten im Vergleich zu Patienten unter Medikamenteneinnahme. Auch hier ist folglich eine Verzerrung der Ergebnisse durch diesen Faktor nicht wahrscheinlich. Langzeiteffekte der Medikation konnten wir jedoch nicht ausschließen. Wir lieferten in dieser Studie erste Evidenz, dass die Echtzeit-MRT eine geeignete Methode darstellt, um die MagenmotilitĂ€t bei IPS- Patienten zu untersuchen und zusĂ€tzlich zugrunde liegende Mechanismen zu visualisieren. Dies stellt einen entscheidenden Vorteil gegenĂŒber anderen Methoden dar, mit denen die Untersuchung von Details der Magenentleerung in dieser Form bisher nicht möglich war. DarĂŒber hinaus ist die MRT nicht-invasiv, gut verfĂŒgbar, strahlungsfrei, zeiteffizient, kostengĂŒnstig und liefert exakte Messdaten. Nachfolgende Studien an einer großen, homogenen Gruppe von de novo IPS- Patienten, gematchten KP und Patienten mit Erkrankungen, die das ENS beeintrĂ€chtigen, sind notwendig um diese Untersuchungstechnik hinsichtlich des diagnostischen Potentials und der ValiditĂ€t genauer zu evaluieren
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