Industrial Policy in the Field of Informatics in Brazil

This article first presents a brief overview of Brazilian industrial development. This overview provides a basis for understanding how the Brazilian Government\u27s informatics policy differs from past Brazilian industrial models. The article then describes the Brazilian Government\u27s policy in the field of informatics. It concludes that a policy which is less protectionist than the government\u27s current program would, through allowing greater foreign participation in the market, better encourage the development of Brazilian informatic companies

Industrial Policy in the Field of Informatics in Brazil

This article first presents a brief overview of Brazilian industrial development. This overview provides a basis for understanding how the Brazilian Government\u27s informatics policy differs from past Brazilian industrial models. The article then describes the Brazilian Government\u27s policy in the field of informatics. It concludes that a policy which is less protectionist than the government\u27s current program would, through allowing greater foreign participation in the market, better encourage the development of Brazilian informatic companies

International Secured Transactions and Insolvency

The following article surveys some of the significant developments in the field of cross-border insolvencies and secured financing during the twelve months prior to December 1, 2005. The most publicized and long-awaited bankruptcy development was the enactment of legislation in the United States to adopt the UNCITRAL framework for the recognition of foreign insolvency proceedings. Even with the adoption of the UNICTRAL framework, American courts continued to render significant decisions under the former law which may, over time, inform practice, under the UNICTRAL provisions. Brazil also enacted significant bankruptcy reforms during 2005. The international law of secured transactions experienced a tremendous breakthrough in 2005 when the first protocol under the UNIDROIT Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment, specifically the aircraft protocol, received approval by a sufficient number of states to come into force and to establish a benchmark effective date

International Secured Transactions and Insolvency

The following article surveys some of the significant developments in the field of cross-border insolvencies and secured financing during the twelve months prior to December 1, 2005. The most publicized and long-awaited bankruptcy development was the enactment of legislation in the United States to adopt the UNCITRAL framework for the recognition of foreign insolvency proceedings. Even with the adoption of the UNICTRAL framework, American courts continued to render significant decisions under the former law which may, over time, inform practice, under the UNICTRAL provisions. Brazil also enacted significant bankruptcy reforms during 2005. The international law of secured transactions experienced a tremendous breakthrough in 2005 when the first protocol under the UNIDROIT Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment, specifically the aircraft protocol, received approval by a sufficient number of states to come into force and to establish a benchmark effective date

Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors

Background Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. Methods We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. Results Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. Conclusions Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.Peer reviewe