4,741 research outputs found
Changing caseloads: macro influences and micro composition
Welfare ; Public welfare
Mixed layer temperature response to the southern annular mode: Mechanisms and model representation
Previous studies have shown that simulated sea surface temperature (SST) responses to the southern annular mode (SAM) in phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) climate models compare poorly to the observed response. The reasons behind these model inaccuracies are explored. The ocean mixed layer heat budget is examined in four of the CMIP3 models and by using observations- reanalyses. The SST response to the SAM is predominantly driven by sensible and latent heat flux and Ekman heat transport anomalies. The radiative heat fluxes play a lesser but nonnegligible role. Errors in the simulated SST responses are traced back to deficiencies in the atmospheric response to the SAM. The models exaggerate the surface wind response to the SAM leading to large unrealistic Ekman transport anomalies. During the positive phase of the SAM, this results in excessive simulated cooling in the 40°-65°S latitudes. Problems with the simulated wind stress responses, which relate partly to errors in the simulated winds themselves and partly to the transfer coefficients used in the models, are a key cause of the errors in the SST response. In the central Pacific sector (90°-150°W), errors arise because the simulated SAM is too zonally symmetric. Substantial errors in the net shortwave radiation are also found, resulting from a poor repre- sentation of the changes in cloud cover associated with the SAM. The problems in the simulated SST re- sponses shown by this study are comparable to deficiencies previously identified in the CMIP3 multimodel mean. Therefore, it is likely that the deficiencies identified here are common to other climate models
Is Job Stability in the United States Falling?
Documenting trends in job stability over the past twenty-five years has become a
controversial exercise. The two main sources of information on employer tenure, the Panel
Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Current Population Survey (CPS), have generally
given different pictures of the degree of job stability in the U.S. economy. This paper
examines whether the PSID and CPS yield systematically different results with respect to
comparable measures of job stability. Both data sets show an increase in the fraction of
male workers aged 30 and over with tenure less than ten years beginning in the late 1980s.
There is little evidence in either data set of a trend in the share of employed individuals with
one year or less of tenure. The two data sets provide nearly identical results for the 1980s
and 90s while in the 1970s they give results that are somewhat less comparable. We argue
that this is probably the result of changes in the CPS tenure question following the 1981
survey. The effects of this change and the choice of ending year and variable definition in
PSID-based studies are the most likely explanations for the disparate findings in the
literature
Temperature Variability in a Subtropical Estuary and Implications for Common Snook Centropomus undecimalis, a Cold-Sensitive Fish
Variability in winter water temperature was compared among three habitat types (estuary, river, canal) in a subtropical estuarine system to explore how it might affect site selection and survival of a cold-sensitive fish, Common Snook Centropomus undecimalis. The study was conducted during three winters (2008–2010); a rapid cooling event occurred during the first winter, mild temperatures the second, and an extreme cold event in the third (an 80-yr event). During the extreme cold event in January 2010, catastrophic fish mortality occurred throughout the region that resulted in the emergency closure of the Common Snook recreational fishery. Over the entire studied estuarine system, dead Common Snook were reported at 43 sites; 26 of the sites were large fish kills consisting of 100–2,000 individuals. The distribution of mortality sites was widespread, although most were located in the estuary proper (n = 39), with only several in rivers and canals (n = 4). Temperature loggers recorded similar water temperatures among habitat types (estuary, river, canal), except during short periods (~3 d; up to 2°C) after cold fronts; this indicates that fish have distinct time constraints if searching for warmer water sites. During the short periods after cold fronts, canal water temperatures were the warmest and most stable, whereas the river and estuary temperature rankings varied
Multiwavelength observations of the Be/X-ray binary 4U1145-619
We report optical and infrared observations of the massive X-ray binary
system 4U1145-619 (V801 Cen) which show that the circumstellar disc of the Be
star component is in decline. Infrared J,H,K,L magnitudes of V801Cen have been
monitored from 1993 March to 1996 April. H alpha spectra have been obtained
throughout the same period. We find that both the infrared excess and the
Balmer emission have been in decline throughout the period of observations. A
13 year optical and X-ray history of the source has been collated, revealing a
possible correlation between the optical and X-ray activity. In addition, we
have used u,v,b,y,beta indices, corrected for both circumstellar and
interstellar effects, to calculate the physical parameters of the underlying B
star.Comment: 8 pages postscript. Accepted by MNRA
Testing of Two-Speed Transmission Configurations for Use in Rotorcraft
Large civil tiltrotors have been identified to replace regional airliners over medium ranges to alleviate next-generation air traffic. Variable rotor speed for these vehicles is required for efficient high-speed operation. Two-speed drive system research has been performed to support these advanced rotorcraft applications. Experimental tests were performed on two promising two-speed transmission configurations. The offset compound gear (OCG) transmission and the dual star/idler (DSI) planetary transmission were tested in the NASA Glenn Research Center variable-speed transmission test facility. Both configurations were inline devices with concentric input and output shafts and designed to provide 1:1 and 2:1 output speed reduction ratios. Both were designed for 200 hp and 15,000 rpm input speed and had a dry shift clutch configuration. Shift tests were performed on the transmissions at input speeds of 5,000, 8,000, 10,000, 12,500, and 15,000 rpm. Both the OCG and DSI configurations successfully perform speed shifts at full rated 15,000 rpm input speed. The transient shifting behavior of the OCG and DSI configurations were very similar. The shift clutch had more of an effect on shifting dynamics than the reduction gearing configuration itself since the same shift clutch was used in both configurations. For both OCG and DSI configurations, low-to-high speed shifts were limited in applied torque levels in order to prevent overloads on the transmission due to transient torque spikes. It is believed that the relative lack of appreciable slippage of the dry shifting clutch at operating conditions and pressure profiles tested was a major cause of the transient torque spikes. For the low-to-high speed shifts, the output speed ramp-up time slightly decreased and the peak out torque slightly increased as the clutch pressure ramp-down rate increased. This was caused by slightly less clutch slippage as the clutch pressure ramp-down rate increased
Feeding Habits of Common Snook, Centropomus undecimalis, in Charlotte Harbor, Florida
We examined the feeding habits, ontogenetic and seasonal diet variations, and predator size–prey size relationships of common snook, Centropomus undecimalis, in Charlotte Harbor, Florida, through stomach contents analysis. A total of 694 stomachs were extracted from common snook (300–882 mm standard length [SL]) during a 24-month period (March 2000–February 2002); 432 stomachs contained prey items. At least 37 prey taxa were identified, including 19 that had not been previously reported. Fishes made up 71% of the prey by number and 90% by weight. Three prey items made up almost 50% of the diet numerically—Lagodon rhomboides, Anchoa spp., and Farfantepenaeus duorarum. Seven species made up more than 60% of the diet by weight—L. rhomboides, Cynoscion nebulosus, Mugil gyrans, Bairdiella chrysoura, Synodus foetens, Orthopristis chrysoptera, and Mugil cephalus. An ontogenetic shift in prey preference was identified in adult common snook at around 550 mm SL. Smaller individuals (300–549 mm SL) ate more F. duorarum, palaemonid shrimp, cyprinodontids, and Eucinostomus spp. than did larger individuals (550–882 mm SL), which ate more S. foetens, ariids, and sciaenids. Significant, positive relationships between predator size and prey size were observed between common snook and L. rhomboides, O. chrysoptera, portunid crabs, and all fish prey combined. Prey size selection contributed to some seasonal differences in their diet. For example, in winter when L. rhomboides are abundant in the estuary and small in size (mean = 23 mm SL), common snook ate few individuals, but they consumed many during summer when larger L. rhomboides (mean = 51 mm SL) were available. In summary, common snook are opportunistic predators that feed on a wide variety of prey and exploit specific-sized prey that are abundant in their environment
Offset Compound Gear Inline Two-Speed Drive
A two-speed transmission having an input shaft and an output shaft, the transmission being capable of transitioning between fixed ratios, the high-range ratio being direct 1:1 and the low-range ratio being about 2:1. The transmission is a simple lightweight, yet robust, configuration utilizing only two gear meshes, being comprised of an input gear, a cluster gear, and an output gear. The transmission is controlled with a clutch and a sprag and with the input and output shafts turning in the same direction
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