Transient engine simulation program. NERVA program

IBM 7094 transient engine simulation program for NERV

Catalog of data summary of airglow observations obtained at Haleakala, Hawaii

The airglow studies were initiated in July 1961 in response to the discovery of unusual phenomena in the tropical airglow as observed from Algeria. Hawaii, being the southern-most area in the United States and within the tropics, and possessing high mountains with frequent clear skies well isolated from the contaminating light and dust of civilization, appeared to be an ideal location for establishing a tropical airglow station. The University of Hawaii was already developing the Mees Solar Laboratory on Haleakala on the island of Maui, so that the addition of a night sky observatory was a natural development. The collection of data covers a span of about seven and one-half years, including the minimum of the solar cycle in 1963 and just getting into the next maximum in 1968-69. It was unfortunate that financial limitations did not permit the continuation of the observations through one complete solar cycle

F-region nightglow emissions of atomic oxygen. II - Analysis of 6300 angstrom and electron density data

F-region nightglow emissions of atomic oxygen - analysis of 6300 angstrom and electron density dat

Fine(ing) Wine: Challenging Direct-Shipment Licensing Fees on Dormant Commerce Clause Grounds

This Note advocates for a constitutional challenge to state direct-to-consumer licensing fees, arguing that the licensing fees impose an undue burden on interstate commerce. To this end, this Note will apply the Supreme Court’s dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence to state DtC wine licensing fees. Under this framework, the Court has almost always invalidated state laws that discriminate against out-of-state interests absent a showing that the law is necessary to achieve a legitimate purpose other than economic protectionism. If the state law is not found to discriminate against out-of-state interests, the Court balances the law’s burdens on interstate commerce against its benefits, invalidating a law when the burden imposed on interstate commerce is “excessive in relation to the [law’s] putative local benefits.” There are two approaches to this balancing test. In balancing the law’s burdens on interstate commerce against its benefits, some circuit courts require a heightened standard in which the government must prove that the asserted local benefits are both genuine and credibly advanced by the law; other circuits accept any rational assertion of benefit by the state. This Note argues that the heightened approach to balancing is appropriate with respect to DtC licensing fees because of concerns that states will prop up seemingly legitimate interests that are not truly advanced by the licensing fees. Moreover, a rational basis standard ignores the unique climate conditions of particular states that affect the quality of wine production. This Note will ultimately conclude that DtC licensing fees are unconstitutionally burdensome on interstate commerce

The influence of wind-induced compression failures on the mechanical properties of spruce structural timber

Compression failures (CF) are defects in the wood structure in the form of buckled fibres. They are a well-known 'natural' phenomenon in softwood trees exposed to frequent or strong winds, but their influence on the utilisation of timber is still debated. While a reduction of the mechanical properties in bending and tension at the fibre level and in small clear specimens is generally acknowledged, the effect is less obvious with structural timber in the presence of other defects such as knots or grain deviations. In the presented case study a statistically significant reduction of the moduli of rupture and elasticity in bending is observed in a sample of 563 squared timber beams, but the characteristic values of the mechanical properties still exceed the limits for the strength classes of visually graded structural timber (according to the Swiss standard SIA 265). Nevertheless, because of the potential safety risk by the more brittle fracture behaviour, it is recommended to exclude timber with detected CF from use in load bearing structures stressed in tension or bendin

Pull-out strength of axially loaded steel rods bonded in glulam perpendicular to the grain

A total of 86 pull-out strength tests on glued-in steel rods with metric threads M12, M16 and M20 are reported in this paper. The rods were bonded in glulam made of Norway spruce lamellas perpendicular to the grain by means of an epoxy-type adhesive using the GSA®-system. The slenderness ratios of the rods λ calculated from the anchoring lengths ℓ with respect to the diameter of the drill hole d h (λ=ℓ/d h) varied between 7.5 and 12.5. Registered failure loads were considerably higher than design values derived from different existing approaches. The pull-out strength was found to be almost directly proportional to the surface area of the bond line. Based on this an approach to estimate the pull-out strength is suggested. Dependence between pull-out strength and anchoring length ℓ as well as slenderness ratio λ exists, whereas such dependence for the diameter of the rod was not found. The pull-out strength is influenced by the wood density. Compared to rods bonded in parallel to the grain, pull-out strength of rods with same diameter and anchoring length set perpendicular to the grain are 20-50% highe

Pull-out strength of axially loaded steel rods bonded in glulam parallel to the grain

Bonded-in steel rods are very efficient in withstanding high forces applied to timber members. Investigations of bonded-in rods started in the late eighties of the last century and several design models were published since. By comparing these approaches on base of an extensive literature review a certain degree of discrepancy and partly even contradiction can be found. The paper describes a test program which aimed to study the influence of timber density and of geometric parameters on the pull-out strength of single axially loaded steel rods. Following the GSA®-procedure, which is a well established glued-in rods joint in Switzerland, rods with metric thread were bonded in glulam made of Norway spruce lamellas using an epoxy-type adhesive. The tests showed that the influence of the timber density can be quantified by a power function of ρ with an exponent of 0.6. The parameters length of the glued zone ℓ and diameter of the hole d H can be summarized in the slenderness ratio λ = ℓ/d H, which itself is related to the mean shear strength in the anchoring zone by an exponent of approximately −1/3. In order to prevent the specimens from premature splitting, distances between the axis of the rod and the edge of the specimen of 2.3 times the diameter of the rod have been use

Kinetic properties of heavy solar wind ions from Ulysses‐SWICS

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95282/1/grl20935.pd

Variations in solar wind fractionation as seen by ACE/SWICS over a solar cycle and the implications for Genesis Mission results

We use ACE/SWICS elemental composition data to compare the variations in solar wind fractionation as measured by SWICS during the last solar maximum (1999-2001), the solar minimum (2006-2009) and the period in which the Genesis spacecraft was collecting solar wind (late 2001 - early 2004). We differentiate our analysis in terms of solar wind regimes (i.e. originating from interstream or coronal hole flows, or coronal mass ejecta). Abundances are normalized to the low-FIP ion magnesium to uncover correlations that are not apparent when normalizing to high-FIP ions. We find that relative to magnesium, the other low-FIP elements are measurably fractionated, but the degree of fractionation does not vary significantly over the solar cycle. For the high-FIP ions, variation in fractionation over the solar cycle is significant: greatest for Ne/Mg and C/Mg, less so for O/Mg, and the least for He/Mg. When abundance ratios are examined as a function of solar wind speed, we find a strong correlation, with the remarkable observation that the degree of fractionation follows a mass-dependent trend. We discuss the implications for correcting the Genesis sample return results to photospheric abundances.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap