S’hybrider sous le 4e paradigme de la “science dirigée par les données massives” : l’ouverture des données favorise-t-elle l’interdisciplinarité et la transdisciplinarité ?

Nous avons encore peu de recul sur la manière dont les communautés productrices de matériaux de recherche se saisissent des enjeux de l’ouverture des données dans le contexte actuel du Big Data et de la Science Ouverte, dépeint par Jim Gray comme l’ère du nouveau paradigme de la “Science dirigée par les données massives” (Hey, 2009). En particulier, lorsque ces communautés rassemblent différentes cultures épistémiques, impliquant une pluralité de rapports à la donnée. En prenant appui sur l’expérience d’un programme de recherche sur les relations en agriculture et littoral en Bretagne (Parchemins, 2016-2020), nous décrivons comment une équipe de 10 chercheurs et ingénieurs issus d’horizons divers (agronomie, sciences et techniques de l’information, anthropologie et études sociales des sciences) a intégré cet objectif en lien avec son ambition interdisciplinaire et transdisciplinaire, et a co-construit un système d’information modulaire et interopérable pour y répondre. Dans quelles mesures l’objectif de mise en partage des matériaux de recherche à un niveau à la fois interne et ouvert, favorise-t-il l’hybridation des approches scientifiques et l’ouverture de la science vers la société ? La description fine de l'instrumentation technique et numérique du partage des matériaux de recherche nous permet de mettre en lumière et de discuter une partie de ces formes d’hybridation.We still have little knowledge on how communities producing research materials grasp the challenges of opening data in the current context of Big Data and Open Science, pictured by Jim Gray as the era of a new Scientific Paradigm : the “Data-intensive Science” (Hey, 2009). In particular, when these communities gather different epistemic cultures, involving a plurality of relationships to data. Based on the experience of a research program on agricultural and coastal relations in Brittany (Parchemins, 2016-2020), we describe how a team of 10 researchers and engineers from various backgrounds (agronomy, information and technology sciences, anthropology and science and technology studies) has integrated this objective in line with its interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary ambition, and has co-constructed a modular and interoperable information system in this regard. To what extent does the objective of sharing research materials at both an internal and open level promote the hybridization of scientific approaches and the opening of science to society? The fine description of the technical and digital instrumentation of sharing research materials allows us to highlight and discuss some of these forms of hybridization.Todavía tenemos poca perspectiva sobre la forma en que las comunidades que producen materiales de investigación comprenden los desafíos de los datos abiertos en el contexto actual de Big Data y Open Science, retratado por Jim Gray como la era de lo nuevo. paradigma de la “ciencia intensiva en datos” (Hey, 2009). En particular, cuando estas comunidades reúnen diferentes culturas epistémicas, implica una pluralidad de relaciones con los datos. Basándonos en la experiencia de un programa de investigación sobre relaciones agrícolas y costeras en Bretaña (Parchemins, 2016-2020), describimos cómo un equipo de 10 investigadores e ingenieros de diversos orígenes (agronomía, ciencia y tecnología de la información, antropología y estudio social de la ciencia) ha integrado este objetivo en línea con su ambición interdisciplinar y transdisciplinar, y ha co-construido un sistema de información modular e interoperable para cumplirlo. ¿En qué medida el objetivo de compartir materiales de investigación tanto a nivel interno como abierto promueve la hibridación de enfoques científicos y la apertura de la ciencia a la sociedad? La descripción detallada de la instrumentación técnica y digital del intercambio de materiales de investigación nos permite resaltar y discutir algunas de estas formas de hibridación

A plot drainage network as a conceptual tool for the spatial representation of surface flow pathways in agricultural catchments

International audienceThe drainage network must take the farming systems and the landscape structure into consideration to describe flow pathways in the agricultural catchment. A new approach is proposed to build the drainage network which is based on the identification of the inlets and outlets for surface water flow on each farmers' field (or plot), estimating the relative areas contributing to the surface yield. The delineation of these areas and their links in terms of surface flow pathways provides us with a pattern of relationships between individual plots, i.e. going from each plot to the other plots over the entire catchment. In this approach, flow directions are firstly calculated in the usual way by taking account of slope direction. Plot outlets are defined from the DEM then linked together using a tree structure. If present, linear networks such as hedges modify both the flow directions and the location of plot outlets, hence modify this tree structure. In a final step, the plots are themselves linked together using a graph structure illustrated by an arrow diagram. This drainage network based on plot outlets is applied to a 15-km² catchment area represented by 38,300 pixels and 2,000 plots. This new drainage network takes into consideration 5,300 plot outlets, which greatly reduces the number of objects in comparison with a drainage network made up of pixels or DEM cells. This method leads to a simple and functional representation of surface flow pathways in an agricultural catchment. It allows us to identify the key plots controlling stream water pollution where converging flow pathways are coming from numerous or large-sized plots. Finally it produces a functional representation for decision support

Online watershed boundary delineation: sharing models through Spatial Data Infrastructures

The proposal in this paper is to make accessible the hydrology analysis tools that were developed by our research team in the past years through an interoperable Spatial Data Infrastructure. To this aim we chose to develop add-ons for the geOrchestra OGC-compliant platform. Such add-ons trigger algorithms and retrieve their output in real time through OGC standard WPS. We then introduce a watershed WPS add-on and its functioning modes. In so doing we exemplify the fact that the use of OGC standards make it straightforward (and transparent to the user operating a common web browser) to remotely trigger a process on a distant server, then apply it to distant data present on a remote cartographic server, and drop the outcome onto a third-party cartographic server while visualizing it all on a browser

Playing ” OGC SensorThings API Part 1 : Sensing ” with several French research organizations and one research infrastructure

International audienceOne of the major goals of the European Long-Term Ecological Research (eLTER) and the up-coming eLTER Research Infrastructure (eLTER RI) is to provide reliable and quality-controlled long-term data for scientific analysis as well as the assessment of environmental policy impacts. For this purpose, eLTER has designed, implemented and operates a federated data infrastruc-ture called the eLTER Information System. This e-infrastructure offers data stored in existing partner data systems, harmonised by a central discovery portal and federated data access com-ponents providing a common information management infrastructure for making environmental data available from distributed resources provided by the contributing LTER national networks. Designing, building and optimising such a pan-European environmental data infrastructure is a lengthy and complex process that is based on a set of criteria defined by user needs, share-holder requirements and general service and technology best practises. To further improve and extend the eLTER Information System, user needs have recently been collected by (a) targeted interviews with selected stakeholders to identify the scope and background of the data and ICT requirements, (b) workshops mapping user requirements based on personas derived from the interviews, and (c) analysis work on extracting so-called user stories. The requirements collec-tions are used to derive functional (i.e. the behaviour of essential features of the system) and non-functional (i.e. the general characteristics of the system) requirements for the IT infrastruc-ture and services. These collected requirements revolve around the development of workflows for the ingestion, curation and publication of data objects including the creation, harvesting, discovery and visualisation of metadata as well as providing means to support the analysis of these datasets and communicating study results.This presentation will provide an overview of the current stage of the data infrastructure as well as its major components, provide an outlook for future developments and discuss the technical and scientific challenges of building the eLTER Information System

Playing ” OGC SensorThings API Part 1 : Sensing ” with several French research organizations and one research infrastructure

International audienceOne of the major goals of the European Long-Term Ecological Research (eLTER) and the up-coming eLTER Research Infrastructure (eLTER RI) is to provide reliable and quality-controlled long-term data for scientific analysis as well as the assessment of environmental policy impacts. For this purpose, eLTER has designed, implemented and operates a federated data infrastruc-ture called the eLTER Information System. This e-infrastructure offers data stored in existing partner data systems, harmonised by a central discovery portal and federated data access com-ponents providing a common information management infrastructure for making environmental data available from distributed resources provided by the contributing LTER national networks. Designing, building and optimising such a pan-European environmental data infrastructure is a lengthy and complex process that is based on a set of criteria defined by user needs, share-holder requirements and general service and technology best practises. To further improve and extend the eLTER Information System, user needs have recently been collected by (a) targeted interviews with selected stakeholders to identify the scope and background of the data and ICT requirements, (b) workshops mapping user requirements based on personas derived from the interviews, and (c) analysis work on extracting so-called user stories. The requirements collec-tions are used to derive functional (i.e. the behaviour of essential features of the system) and non-functional (i.e. the general characteristics of the system) requirements for the IT infrastruc-ture and services. These collected requirements revolve around the development of workflows for the ingestion, curation and publication of data objects including the creation, harvesting, discovery and visualisation of metadata as well as providing means to support the analysis of these datasets and communicating study results.This presentation will provide an overview of the current stage of the data infrastructure as well as its major components, provide an outlook for future developments and discuss the technical and scientific challenges of building the eLTER Information System

L'ouverture des matériaux de recherche ethnographiques en question.: Rapport d'enquête du projet "Partage et protection des données qualitatives à l’ère du numérique : expériences, enjeux, stratégies"

The Open Research Data movement constitutes an epistemological, legal, ethical and technical challenge for humanities and social sciences. It manifests itself in multiple norms and injunctions vis-à-vis research communities, which struggle to comply with them and to seize the instruments made available to them. PARDOQ project aims to make the complex implications of this movement intelligible for communities working with qualitative (ethnographic) data, through the analysis of the experience of researchers confronted with the tension between sharing and protecting ethnographic records, based on a case study (the interdisciplinary research program Parchemins) and on a survey on researchers practicing ethnography and members of scientific, technical and legal networks supporting research.Le mouvement d’ouverture des données scientifiques constitue, pour les sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), un défi à la fois épistémologique, juridique, éthique et technique. Il se manifeste par des normes et injonctions multiples vis-à-vis des communautés de recherche, qui peinent à s’y conformer et à se saisir des instruments mis à leur disposition. Le projet PARDOQ vise à rendre intelligibles les implications complexes de ce mouvement pour les communautés travaillant à partir de données qualitatives (ethnographiques), à travers l’analyse de l’expérience de chercheuses et chercheurs confronté.e.s à la tension entre partage et protection des données ethnographiques, en prenant appui d’une part sur une étude de cas (le programme de recherche interdisciplinaire Parchemins) et d’autre part sur une enquête auprès de chercheurs.euses pratiquant l’ethnographie et de membres de réseaux scientifiques, techniques et juridiques d’appui et à la recherche

Websol : une plateforme Internet de diffusion des données pédologiques

sur les sols (RRP1 notamment) auprès des nombreux utilisateurs potentiels régionaux (techniciens, conseillers, administrations, etc.) et territoriaux (collectivités, contrats de rivières, etc.), ainsi que, pour partie de ces données, auprès du grand public. Cette interface est maintenant finalisée dans sa première version2 dans le cadre du projet CASDAR3 2007-2010. La plateforme a pour vocation la valorisation aussi bien des données pédologiques que des applications réalisées à partir de ces données. Le développement de nouveaux modules élargira encore le champ des valorisations. Pour aider à son implantation chez les partenaires impliqués dans le programme IGCS4, et veiller à son évolution en la dotant de nouvelles fonctionnalités, la plateforme Websol est mise à disposition (droits de propriété et codes sources) du RMT « Sols et Territoires » 5. L’axe 5 de ce RMT se fixe pour objectifs d’appuyer les déploiements de la plateforme dans les régions candidates, de réaliser des supports et des manuels relatifs à l’application, de proposer des évolutions possibles de la plateforme et enfin de clarifier son positionnement juridique par rapport à la Directive INSPIRE