71 research outputs found
Identification et analyse des flux commerciaux liés aux produits fauniques au Sénégal
57 pĂĄginas.Trabajo Fin de MĂĄster Propio. Director/Tutor: Dr. Djibril Diouck. Depuis lâadhĂ©sion du SĂ©nĂ©gal en 1977 Ă la CTES, lâanalyse du flux commercial des produits fauniques nâest pas effectuĂ©e pour Ă©valuer les impacts sur la conservation dâune part et sâintĂ©resser aux aspects non durables mĂ©ritant dâĂȘtre revus par rapport Ă la mise en oeuvre de la convention dâautre part. A lâĂ©chelle nationale le commerce de spĂ©cimens dâanimaux sauvages suscite des inquiĂ©tudes dâautant plus quâil nâexiste pas ou peu de donnĂ©es sur ce commerce et sur les espĂšces impactĂ©es. A cet Ă©gard, lâĂ©tude entreprise notamment « identification et analyse des flux commerciaux liĂ©s aux produits fauniques au SĂ©nĂ©gal » a permis de combler les insuffisances par le biais dâenquĂȘtes, entretiens, rĂ©unions, Ă©tudes bibliographiques et ressources internet. Les rĂ©sultats de lâĂ©tude ont montrĂ© quâau niveau national, 110 acteurs sâadonnent au commerce de spĂ©cimens sauvages sur 12 rĂ©gions et exercent sans document administratif. Au total, 34 espĂšces constituĂ©es de mammifĂšres, reptiles et oiseaux sont identifiĂ©es montrant la forte pression exercĂ©e sur la faune. Les espĂšces intĂ©gralement protĂ©gĂ©es et partiellement reprĂ©sentent 67,64% de ces espĂšces. Les espĂšces inscrites aux annexes de la CITES reprĂ©sentent 52,94% et proviennent des pays de la sous-rĂ©gion ouest africaine, de lâAfrique centrale et de lâEst. Sur les quantitĂ©s relevĂ©es, les bandes de peau dâespĂšces CITES reprĂ©sentent 85,99%. Les peaux entiĂšres dâespĂšces CITES reprĂ©sentent plus de la moitiĂ© (54,96%) des spĂ©cimens. Entre 2007 et 2018, pour les espĂšces vivantes inscrites aux annexes de la CITES, 08 espĂšces de mammifĂšres pour 46 individus, 15318 oiseaux, essentiellement le Poicephalus senegalus (99,17% ), sont exportĂ©s vers lâEurope, lâAmĂ©rique et lâAsie. Quant aux spĂ©cimens de mammifĂšres non vivants, les exportations Ă but scientifique reprĂ©sentent 99,2% et pour les reptiles, les articles confectionnĂ©s avec les peaux reprĂ©sentent 88%. Dans la pratique, des aspects non durables sont relevĂ©s notamment :
- lâabsence dâĂ©mission dâavis de commerce non prĂ©judiciable dĂ©livrĂ© par lâautoritĂ© scientifique dâautant que les prĂ©lĂšvements se font dans le milieu naturel ;
- les insuffisances liĂ©es Ă la caractĂ©risation de la ressource (effectifs, dynamique, sexe ratioâŠ). Ainsi, dans un but dâamĂ©lioration de lâefficacitĂ© de gestion pour amoindrir les revers liĂ©s aux mouvements de spĂ©cimens dâanimaux sauvages, il serait nĂ©cessaire de redĂ©finir une autoritĂ© scientifique qui sera constituĂ©e dâun pool dâexperts Ă diffĂ©rentes spĂ©cialitĂ©s et renforcer la prĂ©sence des agents chargĂ©s du contrĂŽle sur le terrain
Parasitoses Intestinales Et Statut Nutritionnel Chez Lâenfant Ă GuĂ©diawaye Au SĂ©nĂ©gal
Introduction : Les parasitoses intestinales constituent un problĂšme majeur de santĂ© dans le monde particuliĂšrement dans les pays en voie de dĂ©veloppement. Afin de rĂ©duire lâampleur de ces affections, le MinistĂšre de la SantĂ© du SĂ©nĂ©gal a introduit en 2005 le dĂ©parasitage de masse systĂ©matique des enfants conformĂ©ment aux recommandations de lâOrganisation Mondiale pour la SantĂ© (OMS). Lâobjectif de ce travail Ă©tait de dĂ©terminer la prĂ©valence des parasitoses intestinales et leur impact sur lâanĂ©mie et la nutrition quelques annĂ©es aprĂšs lâinstauration de la chimiothĂ©rapie prĂ©ventive. MatĂ©riels et mĂ©thodes : Etude transversale du 1er septembre 2017 au 28 fĂ©vrier 2018 au niveau du service de pĂ©diatrie du Centre Hospitalier Roi Baudouin de GuĂ©diawaye. Un effectif de 375 enfants avait participĂ© Ă lâĂ©tude, avec un Ăąge moyen 44 mois et une prĂ©dominance masculine (54,1%). Pour chaque enfant reçu, un examen direct de selles et aprĂšs une concentration par technique de Ritchie Ă©taient effectuĂ©s. LâĂ©tat nutritionnel a Ă©tĂ© apprĂ©ciĂ©s et les paramĂštres hĂ©matologiques Ă©valuĂ©s. RĂ©sultats : Au total, 103 enfants Ă©taient porteurs de parasites soit une prĂ©valence globale de 27,5%. Les helminthes Ă©taient beaucoup plus reprĂ©sentatifs que les protozoaires et les espĂšces parasitaires les plus frĂ©quentes Ă©taient Ascaris lumbricoides (18,14%), TrichocĂ©phales (3,74%), et Entamoeba coli (2,67%). LâĂ©tat nutritionnel Ă©tait normal chez 265 enfants tandis que 18,9% et 10,5% avaient respectivement une malnutrition aigĂŒe modĂ©rĂ©e (MAM) et une malnutrition aigĂŒe sĂ©vĂšre (MAS). Nous avons notĂ© une association significative entre la parasitose intestinale et la malnutrition (p=0,035 et OR=1,66). LâanĂ©mie Ă©tait sĂ©vĂšre chez 4,8% des enfants et modĂ©rĂ©e chez 68,6%. Une corrĂ©lation entre les parasitoses intestinales et la survenue dâune anĂ©mie a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©e (p=0,001 et OR=2,6). Conclusion : La prĂ©valence des parasitoses intestinales reste Ă©levĂ©e en banlieue dakaroise malgrĂ© le dĂ©parasitage de masse. LâamĂ©lioration des conditions de vie et lâĂ©largissement du dĂ©parasitage aux enfants de plus de 5 ans pourraient rendre plus efficiente cette stratĂ©gie.
Introduction: Intestinal parasitosis is a major health problem in the world, particularly in developing countries. In order to reduce the scale of these diseases, the Ministry of Health of Senegal introduced, in 2005, the systematic mass deworming of children in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organisation (WHO). This paper focuses on determining the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their impact on anemia and nutrition a few years after the initiation of preventive chemotherapy. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st September 2017 to 28th February 2018 at the pediatric ward of the hospital center Roi Baudouin in Guédiawaye, Senegal. A total of 375 children participated in the study, with a mean age of 44 months and a male predominance (54.1%). Each child received a direct stool examination after a concentration using Ritchie techniques was obtained. The nutritional status was assessed and the hematological parameters evaluated. Results: A total of 103 children had parasites, with an overall prevalence of 27.5%. Helminths were much more representative than the protozoa, and the most common parasitic species were Ascaris lumbricoides (18.14%), whipworms (3.74%), and Entamoeba coli (2.67%). Nutritional status was normal in 265 children, while 18.9% and 10.5% respectively had moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and severe acute malnutrition (SAM). A significant association between intestinal parasitosis and malnutrition was found (p = 0.035 and OR = 1.66). Anemia was severe in 4.8% of children and moderate in 68.6%. There was a link between intestinal parasitosis and the occurrence of anemia (p = 0.001 and OR = 2.6). Conclusion: The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis remains high in the suburbs of Dakar despite mass deworming. Improving living conditions and expanding deworming to children over 5 years of age could make this strategy more efficient
Country-wide surveillance of molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance in Senegal by use of positive Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Efficacy and tolerability of a new formulation of artesunate-mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in adult in Senegal: open randomized trial
BACKGROUND: Prompt treatment of malaria attacks with arteminisin-based combination therapy (ACT) is an essential tool for malaria control. A new co-blister tablet of artesunate-mefloquine (AM) with 25 mg/kg mefloquine has been developed for the management of uncomplicated malaria attacks. This non-inferiority randomized trial, was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the new formulation of AM in comparison to artemether-lumefantrine (AL) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adults in Senegal. METHODS: The study was carried out from September to December 2010 in two health centres in Senegal. The study end points included (i) PCR corrected adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) at day 28, (ii) ACPR at days 42 and 63, (iii) parasites and fever clearance time, (iv) incidence of adverse events and patients biological profile at day 7 using the WHO 2003 protocol for anti-malarial drug evaluation. RESULTS: Overall, 310 patients were randomized to receive either AM (nâ=â157) or AL (nâ=â153). PCR corrected ACPR at day 28 was at 95.5% in the AM arm while that in the AL arm was at 96.7% (pâ=â0.83). Therapeutic efficacy was at 98.5% in the AM arm versus 98.2% in the AL group at day 42 (pâ=â1). At day 63, ACPR in the AM and AL arms was at 98.2% and 97.7%, respectively (pâ=â0.32). The two treatments were well tolerated with similar biological profile at day 7. However, dizziness was more frequent in the AM arm. CONCLUSION: Artesunate-mefloquine (25 mg/Kg mefloquine) is efficacious and well-tolerated for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in adult patients
Monitoring the efficacy and safety of three artemisinin based-combinations therapies in Senegal: results from two years surveillance
BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a major public health problem in developing countries. Then in these countries prompt access to effective antimalarial treatment such as Artemisinin based-Combination Therapies (ACT) proves to be an essential tool for controlling the disease. In Senegal, since 2006 a nationwide scaling up program of ACT is being implemented. In this context it has become relevant to monitor ACT efficacy and provide recommendations for the Senegalese national malaria control program. METHODS: An open randomized trial was conducted during two malaria transmission seasons (2011 and 2012) to assess the efficacy and safety of three combinations: dihydro-artemisinin-piperaquine (DHAPQ), artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ). The primary end point of the study was represented by a PCR adjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) at day 28. Secondary end points included: (i) a ACPR at days 35 and 42, (ii) a parasite and fever clearance time, (iii) ACTs safety and tolerability. The 2003 WHOâs protocol for antimalarial drug evaluation was used to assess each outcome. RESULTS: Overall, 534 patients were randomized selected to receive, either ASAQ (n =â180), AL (n =â178) or DHAPQ (n =â176). The PCR adjusted ACPR at day 28 was 99.41% for the group ASAQ, while that was 100% in the AL and DHAPQ groups (p =â0.37). The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated at 99.37% in the ASAQ arm versus 100% in AL and DHAPQ arm at day 35 (p =â0.37). At day 42, the ACPR was 99.27% in the ASAQ group versus 100% for both AL and DHAPQ groups, (p =â0.36). No serious adverse event was noted during the study period. Also a similar safety profile was noted in the 3 study groups. CONCLUSION: In the context of scaling up of ACTs in Senegal, ASAQ, AL and DHAPQ are highly effective and safe antimalarial drugs. However, itâs remains important to continue to monitor their efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PACTR 201305000552290
Safety and Efficacy of Adding a Single Low Dose of Primaquine to the Treatment of Adult Patients With Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Senegal, to Reduce Gametocyte Carriage: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Introduction: More information is needed about the safety of low-dose primaquine in populations where G6PD deficiency is common. Methods: Adults with Plasmodium falciparum malaria were randomized to receive 1 of 3 artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) with or without primaquine (0.25 mg/kg). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) status was determined using a rapid test. Patients were followed for 28 days to record hemoglobin concentration, adverse events, and gametocyte carriage. The primary end point was the change in Hb at day 7. Results: In sum, 274 patients were randomized, 139 received an ACT alone, and 135 received an ACT + primaquine. The mean reduction in Hb at day 7 was similar in each group, a difference in the ACT + PQ versus the ACT alone group of -0.04 g/dL (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.23, 0.31), but the effect of primaquine differed according to G6PD status. In G6PD-deficient patients the drop in Hb was 0.63 g/dL (95% CI 0.03, 1.24) greater in those who received primaquine than in those who received an ACT alone. In G6PD-normal patients, the reduction in Hb was 0.22 g/dL (95% CI -0.08, 0.52) less in those who received primaquine (interaction P = .01). One G6PD normal patient who received primaquine developed moderately severe anaemia (Hb < 8 g/dL). Dark urine was more frequent in patients who received primaquine. Primaquine was associated with a 73% (95% CI 24-90) reduction in gametocyte carriage (P = .013). Conclusion: Primaquine substantially reduced gametocyte carriage. However, the fall in Hb concentration at day 7 was greater in G6PD-deficient patients who received primaquine than in those who did not and one patient who received primaquine developed moderately severe anemia. Clinical Trial registration: PACTR201411000937373 (www.pactr.org)
Les cahiers de l'IRIPI 1 - Les angles morts de la gestion de la diversité : A-t-on le bon réflexe?
Actes du colloque tenu le 18 novembre 2019 au CollÚge de Maisonneuve, publiés sous la direction de Habib El-Hage, directeur de l'IRIPI
Modulating the early-life gut microbiota using pro-, pre-, and synbiotics to improve gut health, child development, and growth
In children exposed to poor hygiene and sanitation, invasion of the gut by pathogenic microbes can result in a subclinical enteropathy termed âenvironmental enteric dysfunctionâ (EED) that contributes to undernutrition, growth faltering, and impaired organ development. EED may already be present by age 6â12 weeks; therefore, interventions that can be started early in life, and used alongside breastfeeding, are needed to prevent or ameliorate EED. A healthy gut microbiota is critical for intestinal development and repair, nutrient digestion and absorption, and resisting colonization or overgrowth by pathogens. However, its development can be impaired by several environmental factors. Dietary supplementation with pro-, pre-, or synbiotics may be a pragmatic and safe means of building the resilience of the developing gut microbiota against adverse environmental factors, thereby preventing EED
Improving gut health and growth in early life: a protocol for an individually randomised, two-arm, open-label, controlled trial of a synbiotic in infants in Kaffrine District, Senegal
Introduction
Infants exposed to enteropathogens through poor sanitation and hygiene can develop a subclinical disorder of the gut called environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), characterised by abnormal intestinal histology and permeability. EED can contribute to stunting through reduced digestion and absorption of nutrients, increased susceptibility to infections, increased systemic inflammation and inhibition of growth hormones. EED can be apparent by age 12 weeks, highlighting the need for early intervention. Modulating the early life gut microbiota using synbiotics may improve resistance against colonisation of the gut by enteropathogens, reduce EED and improve linear growth.
Methods and analysis
An individually randomised, two-arm, open-label, controlled trial will be conducted in Kaffrine District, Senegal. Infants will be recruited at birth and randomised to either receive a synbiotic containing two Bifidobacterium strains and one Lactobacillus strain, or no intervention, during the first 6 months of life. The impact of the intervention will be evaluated primarily by comparing length-for-age z-score at 12 months of age in infants in the intervention and control arms of the trial. Secondary outcome variables include biomarkers of intestinal inflammation, intestinal integrity and permeability, gut microbiota profiles, presence of enteropathogens, systemic inflammation, growth hormones, epigenetic status and episodes of illness during follow-up to age 24 months.
Discussion
This trial will contribute to the evidence base on the use of a synbiotic to improve linear growth by preventing or ameliorating EED in a low-resource setting
Feasibility and safety of integrating mass drug administration for helminth control with seasonal malaria chemoprevention among Senegalese children: a randomized controlled, observer-blind trial
BACKGROUND: The overlap in the epidemiology of malaria and helminths has been identified as a potential area to exploit for the development of an integrated control strategy that may help to achieve elimination of malaria and helminths. A randomized, controlled, observer-blind trial was conducted to assess the feasibility and safety of combining mass drug administration (MDA) for schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths (STH) with seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) among children living in Senegal. METHODS: Female and male children aged 1-14Â years were randomized 1:1:1, to receive Vitamin A and Zinc on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs (sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine) on Days 1-3 (control group); or praziquantel and Vitamin A on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs on Days 1-3 (treatment group 1); or albendazole and praziquantel on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs on Days 1-3 (treatment group 2). Safety assessment was performed by collecting adverse events from all children for six subsequent days following administration of the study drugs. Pre- and post-intervention, blood samples were collected for determination of haemoglobin concentration, malaria microscopy, and PCR assays. Stool samples were analyzed using Kato-Katz, Merthiolate-iodine-formalin and PCR methods. Urine filtration, PCR and circulating cathodic antigen tests were also performed. RESULTS: From 9 to 22 June 2022, 627 children aged 1-14Â years were randomized into the three groups described above. Mild, transient vomiting was observed in 12.6% (26/206) of children in treatment group 2, in 10.6% (22/207) in group 1, and in 4.2% (9/214) in the control group (pâ=â0.005). Pre-intervention, the geometric mean value of Plasmodium falciparum parasite density was highest among children who received albendazole, praziquantel with SMC drugs. Post-intervention, the parasite density was highest among children who received SMC drugs only. Children who received praziquantel and SMC drugs had a lower risk of developing severe anaemia than their counterparts who received SMC drugs alone (ORâ=â0.81, 95% CI 0.13-5.00, pâ=â0.63). CONCLUSIONS: Integration of MDA for helminths with SMC drugs was safe and feasible among Senegalese children. These findings support further evaluation of the integrated control model. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study is registered at Clinical Trial.gov NCT05354258
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