Studies on trace elements in the sporulation of bacteria and the germination of bacterial spores Final report, Jun. 1964 - Dec. 1967

Trace elements in sporulation of bacteria and germination of bacterial spore

Studies on Trace Elements in the Sporulation of Bacteria and the Germination of Bacterial Spores Informal Semiannual Report, 1 Jun. - 31 Dec. 1966

Trace elements detected in sporulation of bacteria and germination of bacterial spore

Problems in Cognitive-Behavioral Supervision : Theoretical Background and Clinical Application

Cognitive-behavioural therapists and trainees are encouraged to undergo supervision when offering therapy to troubled clients and to process personal attitudes and events likely to affect their therapeutic work. We discuss common problems in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) supervision, which may arise at the client, supervisee, or supervisor level. These issues include difficulties with case formulation, therapeutic strategies, and the therapeutic relationship. A supervisor can help their supervisee deal with clients with multifaceted or particularly challenging problems, such as difficulties with compliance, complex psychosocial problems, or chronic mental disorders. We also discuss matters related to the supervision process, the supervisor's role, different supervisory styles, and issues affecting a supervisee's feelings of vulnerability and shame. Furthermore, we analyze distinct supervision styles and potential problems arising from the supervision of experienced CBT therapists.Peer reviewe

Chairwork in cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy : Options in practice

Chairwork is a creative and emotionally charged technique that enhances therapeutic progress. It is based on the assumption that if individuals become aware and express their inner beliefs or conflicts, it would help them understand and choose solutions more freely than if they act unaware and automatically. When used within the conceptualization of the client's problems, it can liberate clients' intense emotional pain and change their maladaptive cognitions. This article shares the clinical experience using the chair techniques by describing and illustrating typical examples of chairwork in cognitive behavioural and schema therapy. Additional recommendations on how to do chairwork and consider the pace, tone of voice, or location of the chairs are also provided.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Cholinergic regulation of the phosphoinositide second messenger system in the guinea pig organ of Corti

The effect of cholinergic agents on the phosphoinositide second messenger system was investigated in the cochlea of the adult guinea pig in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, phospholipids were labeled with [32P]-orthophosphate by perilymphatic perfusion and their hydrolysis assayed in llschase' experiments with non-radioactive orthophosphate. Carbachol (1 mM) reduced the content of 32P-labeled phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the organ of Corti from 31% to 21% of total 32P-lipids, indicating stimulated hydrolysis. The pharmacology of this effect was studied in detail in vitro via the release of inositol phosphates from phosphoinositides pre-labeled with 3H-inositol. Release was increased 2-fold by 1 mM carbachol, 1.6-fold by 1 mM muscarine, but was unaffected by dimethylphenylpiperazinium; the stimulation was blocked by 1 [mu]M atropine but not mecamylamine. These responses indicate the coupling of phosphoinositides to a muscarinic receptor. Furthermore. stimulated inositol phosphate release was higher in the base of the organ of Corti than in the apex which correlates with the increased cholinergic efferent innervation of outer hair cells in the basal region. These results suggest that muscarinic-stimulated inositol phosphate release occurs at the level of the outer hair cell and thus may have an important modulatory role in auditory transduction.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/30076/1/0000446.pd

Aminoglycoside antibiotics impair calcium entry but not viability and motility in isolated cochlear outer hair cells

Cochlear outer hair cells have been well established as primary targets of the ototoxic actions of aminoglycoside antibiotics. These cells, isolated from the guinea pig cochlea and maintained in short-term culture, were used as a model for evaluating the acute effects of gentamicin on cell viability, depolarization-induced transmembrane calcium flux, and depolarization-induced motile responses. On the basis of morphology and fluorochromasia, the presence of extracellular gentamicin as high as 5 mM did not affect the viability of the cells for up to 6 hr, the longest time tested. Viable cells showed binding of fluorescently tagged gentamicin to their base but excluded the drug from their cytoplasm. In response to [K + ]-depolarization, intracellular calcium levels (monitored with the fluorescent calcium-sensitive dye fluo-3) increased from a resting value of 218 ± 102 nM to 2,018 ± 1,077 nM concomitant with a cell shortening of 0.7% ± 1.3%. The depolarization-induced calcium increase was apparently caused by calcium entry into the cell as it was inhibited by the calcium-channel blocker methoxyverapamil and prevented in the absence of extracellular calcium. Both gentamicin and neomycin blocked the [K + ]-induced calcium increase at an IC 50 of 50 ΜM. Despite the inhibition of calcium entry the ability of the outer hair cells to shorten under [K + ]-depolarization was not impaired; in fact, cell shortening was even more pronounced in the absence of calcium influx (2.6% ± 1.4%). This argues effectively against the existence of a calcium-dependent actomyosin-mediated component in [K + ]-induced shape changes. The results suggest the existence of voltage-gated calcium channels in outer hair cells and that calcium influx through these channels is impaired by the aminoglycoside antibiotics neomycin and gentamicin. This action may be part of the acute ototoxic mechanism of these molecules. Furthermore, the results not only confirm the calcium independence of the depolarization-induced motility but also suggest that calcium influx into outer hair cells opposes cell shortening.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50224/1/490240226_ftp.pd