The interplay of matrix metalloproteinase-8, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C cooperatively contributes to the aggressiveness of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) has oncosuppressive properties in various cancers. We attempted to assess MMP-8 function in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Methods: MMP-8 overexpressing OTSCC cells were used to study the effect of MMP-8 on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and gene and protein expression. Moreover, MMP-8 functions were assessed in the orthotopic mouse tongue cancer model and by immunohistochemistry in patient samples. Results: MMP-8 reduced the invasion and migration of OTSCC cells and decreased the expression of MMP-1, cathepsin-K and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). VEGF-C was induced by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in control cells, but not in MMP-8 overexpressing cells. In human OTSCC samples, low MMP-8 in combination with high VEGF-C was an independent predictor of poor cancer-specific survival. TGF-beta 1 treatment also restored the migration of MMP-8 overexpressing cells to the level of control cells. In mouse tongue cancer, MMP-8 did not inhibit metastasis, possibly because it was eliminated in the peripheral carcinoma cells. Conclusions: The suppressive effects of MMP-8 in OTSCC may be mediated through interference of TGF-beta 1 and VEGF-C function and altered proteinase expression. Together, low MMP-8 and high VEGF-C expression have strong independent prognostic value in OTSCC.Peer reviewe

The interplay of matrix metalloproteinase-8, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C cooperatively contributes to the aggressiveness of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) has oncosuppressive properties in various cancers. We attempted to assess MMP-8 function in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Methods: MMP-8 overexpressing OTSCC cells were used to study the effect of MMP-8 on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and gene and protein expression. Moreover, MMP-8 functions were assessed in the orthotopic mouse tongue cancer model and by immunohistochemistry in patient samples. Results: MMP-8 reduced the invasion and migration of OTSCC cells and decreased the expression of MMP-1, cathepsin-K and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). VEGF-C was induced by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in control cells, but not in MMP-8 overexpressing cells. In human OTSCC samples, low MMP-8 in combination with high VEGF-C was an independent predictor of poor cancer-specific survival. TGF-beta 1 treatment also restored the migration of MMP-8 overexpressing cells to the level of control cells. In mouse tongue cancer, MMP-8 did not inhibit metastasis, possibly because it was eliminated in the peripheral carcinoma cells. Conclusions: The suppressive effects of MMP-8 in OTSCC may be mediated through interference of TGF-beta 1 and VEGF-C function and altered proteinase expression. Together, low MMP-8 and high VEGF-C expression have strong independent prognostic value in OTSCC.Peer reviewe

The genetic basis of endometriosis and comorbidity with other pain and inflammatory conditions

Endometriosis is a common condition associated with debilitating pelvic pain and infertility. A genome-wide association study meta-analysis, including 60,674 cases and 701,926 controls of European and East Asian descent, identified 42 genome-wide significant loci comprising 49 distinct association signals. Effect sizes were largest for stage 3/4 disease, driven by ovarian endometriosis. Identified signals explained up to 5.01% of disease variance and regulated expression or methylation of genes in endometrium and blood, many of which were associated with pain perception/maintenance (SRP14/BMF, GDAP1, MLLT10, BSN and NGF). We observed significant genetic correlations between endometriosis and 11 pain conditions, including migraine, back and multisite chronic pain (MCP), as well as inflammatory conditions, including asthma and osteoarthritis. Multitrait genetic analyses identified substantial sharing of variants associated with endometriosis and MCP/migraine. Targeted investigations of genetically regulated mechanisms shared between endometriosis and other pain conditions are needed to aid the development of new treatments and facilitate early symptomatic intervention

The genetic basis of endometriosis and comorbidity with other pain and inflammatory conditions

Endometriosis is a common condition associated with debilitating pelvic pain and infertility. A genome-wide association study meta-analysis, including 60,674 cases and 701,926 controls of European and East Asian descent, identified 42 genome-wide significant loci comprising 49 distinct association signals. Effect sizes were largest for stage 3/4 disease, driven by ovarian endometriosis. Identified signals explained up to 5.01% of disease variance and regulated expression or methylation of genes in endometrium and blood, many of which were associated with pain perception/maintenance (SRP14/BMF, GDAP1, MLLT10, BSN and NGF). We observed significant genetic correlations between endometriosis and 11 pain conditions, including migraine, back and multisite chronic pain (MCP), as well as inflammatory conditions, including asthma and osteoarthritis. Multitrait genetic analyses identified substantial sharing of variants associated with endometriosis and MCP/migraine. Targeted investigations of genetically regulated mechanisms shared between endometriosis and other pain conditions are needed to aid the development of new treatments and facilitate early symptomatic intervention

Whole exome sequencing in identifying genetic factors in musculoskeletal diseases

Abstract Musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) and osteoporosis (OP), are common complex disorders affected by both environmental and genetic factors. OA and LDD are degenerative diseases affecting joints and spine and Modic changes (MC) are a specific phenotype of LDD. OP is a disorder causing bone fragility. There are families with a history of early onset cartilage degradation, disc disorders and bone fragility as well as rare, more severe disorders with these traits as part of the phenotype. The aim of this study was to identify predisposing genetic factors in Finnish families with three different musculoskeletal phenotypes and to investigate the use of whole exome sequencing (WES) as a tool. Six families were studied here, three diagnosed with hip and knee OA, two with MC and one with primary OP. Using WES together with in silico and in vitro analyses we identified new candidate genes. In the two OA families we identified family specific variants, c.-127G>T in the 5’UTR of FIP1L1 and p.Arg210Gly in OLIG3. We observed expression of these genes in human bone and cartilage. Both FIP1L1 and OLIG3 participate in the regulation of transcription. Family specific variants were also found in both families with MC: p.Gln1611fs in HSPG2 and p.Glu553Lys in MAML1. HSPG2 encodes for an important structural protein in the disc and MAML1 is a transcription factor. The family with primary OP had previously been reported to carry a heterozygous COL1A2 deletion leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. In the WES we identified an additional change that may contribute to the phenotype: p.Arg428* in ZNF528. We showed experimentally that the variant leads to expression of a truncated form of ZNF528 in the nucleus. ZNF528 binding sites are located near genes associated with bone phenotypes. We identified twelve potential target genes for ZNF528 that were differentially expressed in patients’ cells compared to controls. Altogether, we identified five new candidate genes for the studied phenotypes demonstrating that WES can be used as a tool in studying complex musculoskeletal phenotypes in families. One of the identified candidate genes, HSPG2, encodes a structural protein, whereas, OLIG3, FIP1L1, MAML1 and ZNF528, participate in the regulation of transcription supporting the importance of regulatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of musculoskeletal diseases.Tiivistelmä Tuki- ja liikuntaelinsairaudet, kuten nivelrikko, välilevyrappeuma ja osteoporoosi, ovat yleisiä, monitekijäisiä sairauksia. Nivelrikko ja välilevynrappeuma ovat eteneviä nivelten ja selkärangan sairauksia. Modic muutokset ovat välilevyn ja nikaman välisten päätelevyjen muutoksia. Osteoporoosi on luuta haurastuttava sairaus. Varhaisessa iässä ilmenevää ruston haurastumista, välilevyn sairauksia tai luun haurautta tavataan myös suvuittain esiintyvinä sairauksina tai vakavien harvinaisten sairauksien oireina. Tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli tunnistaa altistavia geneettisiä tekijöitä kolmelle tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön sairaudelle suomalaisissa perheissä käyttäen eksomisekvensointi-menetelmää. Aineisto koostui kuudesta perheestä: kolmessa oli diagnosoitu lonkan ja polven nivelrikko, kahdessa selän välilevyjen Modic muutoksia ja yhdessä primaarinen vaikea selän osteoporoosi. Tunnistimme uusia ehdokasgeenejä käyttäen eksomisekvensointi-menetelmää sekä in silico ja in vitro analyysejä. Kahdessa nivelrikkoperheessä tunnistimme perhekohtaiset variantit kahdessa geenissä: c.-127G>T variantin FIP1L1 geenin säätelyalueella ja p.Arg210Gly variantin OLIG3 geenissä. Osoitimme, että nämä traskription säätelyyn osallistuvat geenit ilmenevät ihmisen luu- ja rustokudoksessa. Perhekohtaiset variantit havaittiin myös perheissä, joilla oli todettu Modic muutoksia: p.Gln1611fs HSPG2 -geenissä ja p.Glu553Lys MAML1 -geenissä. HSPG2 koodaa välilevylle tärkeää rakenneproteiinia ja MAML1 on transkriptiota säätelevä tekijä. Primaarista osteoporoosia sairastavalla perheellä oli aiemmin havaittu heterotsygootti, geenituotteen hajottamiseen johtava deleetio, COL1A2 -geenissä. Eksomisekvensoinnlla havaitsimme mahdollisesti taudin ilmiasuun lisäksi vaikuttavan muutoksen ZNF528 -geenissä. Osoitimme kokeellisesti, että havaittu variantti johtaa lyhentyneen proteiinin tuottoon solussa. ZNF528 on transkriptiotekijä, jolle tunnistimme kaksitoista mahdollista kohdegeeniä ja havaitsimme että niiden tuotto oli muuttunut potilaiden soluissa kontrollisoluihin verrattuna. Tunnistimme viisi uutta ehdokasgeeniä kolmessa eri sairaudessa eksomisekvensointi-menetelmän avulla. Yksi tunnistetuista geeneistä, HSPG2, koodaa rakenneproteiinia, ja muut osallistuvat transkription säätelyyn. Tämä tukee käsitystä säätelytekijöiden tärkeydestä TULE sairauksien synnyssä

Extracellular matrix proteins produced by stromal cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung adenocarcinoma

Abstract Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and lung cancer share common risk factors, epigenetic and genetic alterations, the activation of similar signaling pathways and poor survival. The aim of this study was to examine the gene expression profiles of stromal cells from patients with IPF and lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) as well as from normal lung. The gene expression levels of cultured stromal cells derived from non-smoking patients with ADC from the tumor (n = 4) and the corresponding normal lung (n = 4) as well as from patients with IPF (n = 4) were investigated with Affymetrix microarrays. The expression of collagen type IV alpha 1 chain, periostin as well as matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3 in stromal cells and lung tissues were examined with quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Twenty genes were similarly up- or down-regulated in IPF and ADC compared to control, while most of the altered genes in IPF and ADC were differently expressed, including several extracellular matrix genes. Collagen type IV alpha 1 chain as well as matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -3 were differentially expressed in IPF compared to ADC. Periostin was up-regulated in both IPF and ADC in comparison to control. All studied factors were localized by immunohistochemistry in stromal cells within fibroblast foci in IPF and stroma of ADC. Despite the similarities found in gene expressions of IPF and ADC, several differences were also detected, suggesting that the molecular changes occurring in these two lung illnesses are somewhat different

A whole exome study identifies novel candidate genes for vertebral bone marrow signal changes (modic changes)

Abstract Study Design: A family-based study. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify rare genetic factors predisposing to Modic changes (MCs). Summary of Background Data: Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) is one of the contributing factors behind low back pain (LBP). Lumbar MC visualized as bone marrow signal intensity changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represent a specific phenotype of LDD, which has a stronger association with LBP than LDD without MC. Methods: The study set consisted of two Finnish families: Family I included seven affected and four unaffected individuals and Family II eight affected and seven unaffected individuals. MCs were evaluated in 26 individuals using MRI. Whole exome sequencing was used to identify alleles cosegregating with MC. Annotate variation was used to carry out functional annotation of alleles and their frequencies were evaluated using 1000Genomes, Sequencing Initiative Suomi (SISu), and the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) databases. Results: We identified predisposing genetic alleles for MC in two Finnish families. In each family, only single allele cosegregated with MC. In Family I, the observed allele was an insertion and deletion in the HSPG2 gene, resulting in a premature termination codon. In Family II, a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs61753465) in the MAML1 gene was identified in all affected family members. Conclusion: We have identified two novel candidate genes, MAML1 and HSPG2, associating with MC. These genes are important in cartilage structure and joint cartilage maintenance. Our findings are novel among lumbar spine degenerative phenotypes. Level of Evidence: N/

New genetic variants in CYP2B6 and SLC6A support the role of oxidative stress in familial Ménière’s disease

Abstract The objective was to study the genetic etiology of Ménière’s disease (MD) using next-generation sequencing in three families with three cases of MD. Whole exome sequencing was used to identify rare genetic variants co-segregating with MD in Finnish families. In silico estimations and population databases were used to estimate the frequency and pathogenicity of the variants. Variants were validated and genotyped from additional family members using capillary sequencing. A geneMANIA analysis was conducted to investigate the functional pathways and protein interactions of candidate genes. Seven rare variants were identified to co-segregate with MD in the three families: one variant in the CYP2B6 gene in family I, one variant in GUSB and EPB42 in family II, and one variant in each of the SLC6A, ASPM, KNTC1, and OVCH1 genes in family III. Four of these genes were linked to the same co-expression network with previous familial MD candidate genes. Dysfunction of CYP2B6 and SLC6A could predispose to MD via the oxidative stress pathway. Identification of ASPM and KNTC1 as candidate genes for MD suggests dysregulation of mitotic spindle formation in familial MD. The genetic etiology of familial MD is heterogenic. Our findings suggest a role for genes acting on oxidative stress and mitotic spindle formation in MD but also highlight the genetic complexity of MD

NRF3 decreases during melanoma carcinogenesis and Is an independent prognostic marker in melanoma

Abstract The prognostic significance of the major redox regulator, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2), is recognized in many cancers, but the role of NRF3 is not studied. Analysis from the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets showed that NRF3 mRNA levels increased from benign to dysplastic naevi (p = 0.04). We characterized the immunohistochemical expression of NRF3 in 81 naevi, 67 primary skin melanomas, and 51 lymph node metastases. The immunohistochemical expression of cytoplasmic NRF3 decreased from benign to dysplastic naevi (p < 0.001) and further to primary melanomas (p < 0.001). High cytoplasmic NRF3 protein expression in pigment cells of the primary melanomas associated with worse melanoma-specific survival in multivariate analysis, specifically in the subgroup of patients with the lymph node metastases at the time of diagnosis (hazard ratio 3.179; 95% confidence interval 1.065-9.493; p = 0.038). Intriguingly, we did not observe associations between NRF3 and the traditional prognostic factors such as Breslow thickness, ulceration, or stage. Together, this data represents the primary description about the role of NRF3 in pigment tumours that is worthy of further explorations

A single genetic locus associated with pediatric fractures:a genome-wide association study on 3,230 patients

Abstract The understanding of the biological and environmental risk factors of fractures in pediatrics is limited. Previous studies have reported that fractures involve heritable traits, but the genetic factors contributing to the risk of fractures remain elusive. Furthermore, genetic influences specific to immature bone have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify genetic variations that are associated with fractures in early childhood. The present study used a prospective Northern Finland Birth Cohort (year 1986; n=9,432). The study population was comprised of 3,230 cohort members with available genotype data. A total of 48 members of the cohort (1.5%) had in‑hospital treated bone fractures during their first 6 years of life. Furthermore, individuals without fracture (n=3,182) were used as controls. A genome‑wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a frequentist association test. In the GWAS analysis, a linear regression model was fitted to test for additive effects of single‑nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; genotype dosage) adjusting for sex and performing population stratification using genotypic principal components. Using the GWAS analysis, the present study identified one locus with a significant association with fractures during childhood on chromosome 10 (rs112635931) and six loci with a suggested implication. The lead SNP rs112635931 was located near proline‑ and serine‑rich 2 (PROSER2) antisense RNA 1 (PROSER2‑AS1) and PROSER2, thus suggesting that these may be novel candidate genes associated with the risk of pediatric fractures