303 research outputs found
Quantum Phase Dynamics in an LC shunted Josephson Junction
We have studied both theoretically and experimentally how an LC series
circuit connected in parallel to a Josephson junction influences the Josephson
dynamics. The presence of the shell circuit introduces two energy scales, which
in specific cases can strongly differ from the plasma frequency of the isolated
junction. Josephson junctions were manufactured using Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb fabrication
technology with various on-chip LC shunt circuits. Spectroscopic measurements
in the quantum limit show an excellent agreement with theory taking into
account the shunt inductance and capacitance in the Resistively and
Capacitively Shunted Junction model. The results clearly show that the dynamics
of the system are two-dimensional, resulting in two resonant modes of the
system. These findings have important implications for the design and operation
of Josephson junctions based quantum bits
Cholesterol-Induced Buckling in Physisorbed Polymer-Tethered Lipid Monolayers
The influence of cholesterol concentration on the formation of buckling structures is studied in a physisorbed polymer-tethered lipid monolayer system using epifluorescence microscopy (EPI) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The monolayer system, built using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, consists of 3 mol % poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) lipopolymers and various concentrations of the phospholipid, 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (SOPC), and cholesterol (CHOL). In the absence of CHOL, AFM micrographs show only occasional buckling structures, which is caused by the presence of the lipopolymers in the monolayer. In contrast, a gradual increase of CHOL concentration in the range of 0–40 mol % leads to fascinating film stress relaxation phenomena in the form of enhanced membrane buckling. Buckling structures are moderately deficient in CHOL, but do not cause any notable phospholipid-lipopolymer phase separation. Our experiments demonstrate that membrane buckling in physisorbed polymer-tethered membranes can be controlled through CHOL-mediated adjustment of membrane elastic properties. They further show that CHOL may have a notable impact on molecular confinement in the presence of crowding agents, such as lipopolymers. Our results are significant, because they offer an intriguing prospective on the role of CHOL on the material properties in complex membrane architecture
Ligand Mediated Sequestering of Integrins in Raft-Mimicking Lipid Mixtures: The Role of Bilayer Asymmetry and Cholesterol Content
poster abstractLipid microdomains play an important functional role in plasma membranes. However, the small size and
transient nature of lipid/membrane heterogeneities in the plasma membrane make characterization of
microdomains and microdomain-related membrane processes quite challenging. To address this issue, we
recently introduced a powerful model membrane system that allows the investigation of membrane
protein sequestering and oligomerization in raft-mimicking lipid mixtures using combined confocal
fluorescence spectroscopy, photon counting histogram (PCH), and epifluorescence microscopy. Our
experiments on bilayer-spanning domains showed that αvβ3 and α5β1 integrins predominantly exist as
monomers and sequester preferentially to the liquid-disordered (ld) phase in the absence of ligands.
Notably, addition of vitronectin (αvβ3) and fibronectin (α5β1) caused substantial translocations of integrins
into the liquid-ordered (lo) phase without altering receptor oligomerization state. Here we expand our
previous studies and report on the sequestering and oligomerization state of αvβ3 and α5β1 in asymmetric
bilayer compositions containing coexisting lo and ld phases located exclusively in the top leaflet of the
bilayer (bottom leaflet shows only ld phase). Remarkably, in such a membrane environment, both
integrins show a higher affinity for the top leaflet-restricted lo domains in the absence of their respective
ligands. A slight change in the integrin sequestration was observed after addition of their respective
ligands. We also present experimental findings, which show that cholesterol content has a substantial
influence on integrin sequestering and oligomerization in raft-mimicking lipid mixtures. The described
experimental results highlight the potential importance of membrane asymmetry and lipid composition in
the sequestering of membrane proteins in biological membranes
Water dynamics in solutions of linear poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) studied by ²H NMR field-cycling relaxometry
We use ²H nuclear magnetic resonance to study the dynamics of deuterated water in a solution of linear poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) (pNIPAM, 4 wt%) across its coil-to-globule transition at a lower critical solubility temperature (LCST) around 32°C. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the ²H spin-lattice (T₁) and, in particular, spin-spin (T₂) relaxation times abruptly decrease when heating through the LCST, indicating that the polymer collapse causes an emergence of a water fraction with strongly reduced mobility. To quantify the dynamics of this slow water fraction, we exploit the fact that ²H field-cycling relaxometry allows us to measure the spectral density of the water reorientation in a broad frequency range. We find that the slow water fraction is characterised by a broad logarithmic Gaussian distribution of correlation times (σ LG = 2.3), which is centred about τ LG ≈ 10⁻⁹ s near the LCST. Hence, the common assumption of a Debye spectral density does not apply. We argue that a minor water fraction, which is located inside the pNIPAM globules and shows dynamics governed by the disordered polymer matrix, accompanies a major water fraction with bulk-like dynamics above the LCST. The former fraction amounts to about 0.4 water molecules per NIPAM monomer. Several findings indicate fast exchange between these bound and free water fractions on the T₁ and T₂ time scales
Complete next-to-leading order gluino contributions to b--> s gamma and b--> s g
We present the first complete order alpha_s corrections to the Wilson
coefficients (at the high scale) of the various versions of magnetic and
chromomagnetic operators which are induced by a squark-gluino exchange. For
this matching calculation, we work out the on-shell amplitudes b--> s gamma and
b --> s g, both in the full and in the effective theory up to order alpha_s^2.
The most difficult part of the calculation is the evaluation of the two-loop
diagrams in the full theory; these can be split into two classes: a) diagrams
with one gluino and a virtual gluon; b) diagrams with two gluinos or with one
gluino and a four-squark vertex. Accordingly, the Wilson coefficients can be
split into a part a) and a part b). While part b) of the Wilson coefficients is
presented in this paper for the first time, part a) was given in (Bobeth et
al.). We checked their results for the coefficients of the magnetic operators
and found perfect agreement. Moreover, we work out the renormalization
procedure in great detail. Our results for the complete next-to-leading order
Wilson coefficients are fully analytic, but far too long to be printed. We
therefore publish them in the form of a C++ program. They constitute a crucial
building block for the phenomenological next-to-leading logarithmic analysis of
the branching ratio Bbar --> X_s gamma in a supersymmetric model beyond minimal
flavor violation.Comment: 38 pages, including c++ cod
Scientific Reports / The tactile window to consciousness is characterized by frequency-specific integration and segregation of the primary somatosensory cortex
We recently proposed that besides levels of local cortical excitability, also distinct pre-stimulus network states (windows to consciousness) determine whether a near-threshold stimulus will be consciously perceived. In the present magnetoencephalography study, we scrutinised these pre-stimulus network states with a focus on the primary somatosensory cortex. For this purpose participants performed a simple near-threshold tactile detection task. Confirming previous studies, we found reduced alpha and beta power in the somatosensory region contralateral to stimulation prior to correct stimulus detection as compared to undetected stimuli, and stronger event-related responses following successful stimulus detection. As expected, using graph theoretical measures, we also observed modulated pre-stimulus network level integration. Specifically, the right primary somatosensory cortex contralateral to stimulation showed an increased integration in the theta band, and additionally, a decreased integration in the beta band. Overall, these results underline the importance of network states for enabling conscious perception. Moreover, they indicate that also a reduction of irrelevant functional connections contributes to the window to consciousness by tuning pre-stimulus pathways of information flow.Julia Natascha Frey, Philipp Ruhnau, Sabine Leske, Markus Siegel, Christoph Braun, Nathan Weis
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