Чисельне моделювання фазових переходів у просторово-розподілених стохастичних системах

У рамках комп’ютерного експерименту у роботі вивчалася можливість реалізації фазового переходу типу порушення симетрії у просторово-розподіленій синергетичній системі за рахунок дії скорельованих у часі шумів. У якості базової моделі була використана система Лоренца із двома шумами та просторовою (дифузійною) складовою у рівнянні на параметр порядку. Побудована модель добре описує ряд процесів, наприклад, самоорганізацію дефектної структури під впливом скорельованих внутрішнього та зовнішнього шумів

Do Counter Electrodes on Metal Substrates Work with Cobalt Complex Based Electrolyte in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells?

Yes. Testing 7 different metals as a substrate for a counter electrode in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) showed that some metals can be a good option for use with cobalt electrolyte. It was found that Stainless steels 304 and 321 as well as Ni and Ti suit well to the counter electrodes in DSSCs with cobalt electrolyte. In these 4 cases both the efficiency and the lifetime were similar to the reference cells on conducting glass substrates. In contrast, the cells with Al, Cu and Zn substrates suffered from both a low efficiency and a poor stability. These three metals had clear marks of corrosion such as apparent corrosion products in the aged cells. Additionally, we also investigated how the different types of catalyst materials perform in the case of a metal counter electrode (stainless steel 304) with cobalt electrolyte in comparison to reference glass cells. Among the 5 different catalyst layers the best results for stainless steel electrode were achieved with low temperature platinization whereas polymer catalysts poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-p-toluenesulfone and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfone that worked well on the glass worked very poorly on the metal.Peer reviewe

Eastern asian expert panel opinion: designing clinical trials of molecular targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

The largest burden of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lies in Asia, secondary to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Improved survival with sorafenib has fostered new research but many challenges remain in designing clinical trials. The disease, its management, and populations affected by it are heterogeneous worldwide and within Asia. An expert conference of Eastern Asian oncologists and hepatologists was convened to foster consensus in clinical trial design. The panel identified key areas that need to be addressed to facilitate clinical trials in Asia. Stratification by viral etiology is desirable within Asia and by region in global trials. Antiviral therapy should also be considered as a stratification factor and incorporated into HCC management in trials. The panel agreed that histological diagnosis is not required for trial entry and that Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging is acceptable for trials as long as portal hypertension can be better defined with standardized methodology. Consensus in treatment must be sought to allow multi-national trials and it must be recognized that first-line sorafenib is not largely feasible in Asia. Finally, Asian nations must be urged to participate in clinical trials, many of which are ongoing, to advance new treatment options in this challenging disease

Incentivising organ donations : market design and behavioural lab experiments

Advances in medical technology have led to a sharp rise in organ transplantation in recent years. Many countries have been facing a discrepancy between the demand and supply in the organ transplantation system, and schemes have been put in place to streamline the entire process to maximise efficiency and equity. Many countries have a default rule (either opt in or opt out) while others use a combination of a default rule and priority rule to encourage organ donation. However, these rules did not mitigate the organ shortage problem. Effective organ allocation priority rules are imperative in incentivising organ donation. Since blood type compatibility is generally of highest precedence for a suitable organ transplant to occur, this study investigates how three potential blood type organ allocation priority rules: Full Allocation Priority Rule, Partial Compatibility AB (PCAB) Allocation Priority Rule and Partial Compatibility O (PCO) Allocation Priority Rule, affect donation rates. A total of 120 undergraduates and graduate students from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, participated in a laboratory experiment and a linear regression data analysis was applied. Overall, the Full Allocation Priority Rule results in the highest donation rate while PCO Allocation Priority Rule results in the lowest donation rate. Such findings are attributed to the heightened free ridership problem in PCAB and PCO Allocation Priority Rules. This study provides insights into effective policy making, in order to increase organ donation rates. Ultimately, this study aims to achieve the end target of reducing the number of patients on the organ transplant waiting list and improving the quality of patients’ lives who are suffering from organ failure.Bachelor of Arts in Economic

FeCl₃-Mediated Synthesis of Fullerenyl Esters as Low-LUMO Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaic Devices

C₆₀ reacted with aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of inexpensive FeCl₃ at room temperature to produce hydroxyfullerenyl esters C₆₀(OCOR)(OH) in up to 68% isolated yield. The hydroxyl group was utilized in functional group transformations to obtain a diester derivative C₆₀(OCOAr)(OCOPh) (Ar = 2,6-xylyl) and a siloxyl derivative C₆₀(OCOAr)(OSiMe₃). The diester and siloxyl derivatives were found to possess low-lying LUMO levels were utilized in organic photovoltaic devices showing 1.3% power conversion efficiency

ILC Reference Design Report Volume 1 - Executive Summary

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2s^-1. This report is the Executive Summary (Volume I) of the four volume Reference Design Report. It gives an overview of the physics at the ILC, the accelerator design and value estimate, the detector concepts, and the next steps towards project realization.The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2s^-1. This report is the Executive Summary (Volume I) of the four volume Reference Design Report. It gives an overview of the physics at the ILC, the accelerator design and value estimate, the detector concepts, and the next steps towards project realization

ILC Reference Design Report Volume 4 - Detectors

This report, Volume IV of the International Linear Collider Reference Design Report, describes the detectors which will record and measure the charged and neutral particles produced in the ILC's high energy e+e- collisions. The physics of the ILC, and the environment of the machine-detector interface, pose new challenges for detector design. Several conceptual designs for the detector promise the needed performance, and ongoing detector R&D is addressing the outstanding technological issues. Two such detectors, operating in push-pull mode, perfectly instrument the ILC interaction region, and access the full potential of ILC physics.This report, Volume IV of the International Linear Collider Reference Design Report, describes the detectors which will record and measure the charged and neutral particles produced in the ILC's high energy e+e- collisions. The physics of the ILC, and the environment of the machine-detector interface, pose new challenges for detector design. Several conceptual designs for the detector promise the needed performance, and ongoing detector R&D is addressing the outstanding technological issues. Two such detectors, operating in push-pull mode, perfectly instrument the ILC interaction region, and access the full potential of ILC physics