47 research outputs found
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ
All measurements of mechanical properties of materials in the magnetic structural analysis are indirect and relationships between the measured parameters are correlated. An important physical parameter of steel is hardness. An increase in the correlation coefficient R and a reduction in the standard deviation (SD) are achieved when controlling the hardness of steels with two-parameter magnetic methods compared to methods that use a single measured parameter. However, the specific conditions and requirements for application of the two-parameter methods remain unclear. The purpose of this article was to analyze conditions and the achievable error reduction limit for two-parameter indirect determination of steels hardness and to compare those with one-parameter methods. In particular, we considered the mean Square Deviation (SD), ΟF , of indirect calculation of the physical quantity F using two measured parameters x1 and x2 that are correlated with F. It was found that reduction of ΟF is most pronounced when x1 and x2 are inversely correlated with the maximum modulus |R| of the correlation coefficient R between them. The most significant reduction in ΟF occurs at similar values of the SDs Ο1 and Ο2 between the true value of F and the values calculated based on the results of indirect measurements of F using each of the parameters x1 and x2 . The Results of the analysis are confirmed by an example of reduction in SD when determining the hardness of carbon steels by measuring their remanent magnetization and coercive force compared to use any one of these parameters. This result can be applied to measurements in non-destructive testing and in related fields of physics and technology. The Results of the analysis allow us to compare different parameters for indirect two-parameter determination of a physical quantity, to select the optimal parameters, and to evaluate the minimum achievable measurement error of a physical quantity by a two-parameter method before performing the measurements
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ
All measurements of mechanical properties of materials in the magnetic structural analysis are indirect and relationships between the measured parameters are correlated. An important physical parameter of steel is hardness. An increase in the correlation coefficient R and a reduction in the standard deviation (SD) are achieved when controlling the hardness of steels with two-parameter magnetic methods compared to methods that use a single measured parameter. However, the specific conditions and requirements for application of the two-parameter methods remain unclear. The purpose of this article was to analyze conditions and the achievable error reduction limit for two-parameter indirect determination of steels hardness and to compare those with one-parameter methods.In particular, we considered the mean Square Deviation (SD), ΟFβ, of indirect calculation of the physical quantity F using two measured parameters x1 and x2 that are correlated with F. It was found that reduction of ΟF is most pronounced when x1Β and x2 are inversely correlated with the maximum modulus |R| of the correlation coefficient R between them. The most significant reduction in ΟFΒ occurs at similar values of the SDs Ο1 and Ο2 between the true value of F and the values calculated based on the results of indirect measurements of F usingeach of the parameters x1 and x2β. The Results of the analysis are confirmed by an example of reduction in SD when determining the hardness of carbon steels by measuring their remanent magnetization and coercive force compared to use any one of these parameters.This result can be applied to measurements in non-destructive testing and in related fields of physics and technology. The Results of the analysis allow us to compare different parameters for indirect two-parameter determination of a physical quantity, to select the optimal parameters, and to evaluate the minimum achievable measurement error of a physical quantity by a two-parameter method before performing the measurements.ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° R ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΟFΒ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ F Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² x1 ΠΈ x2β, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ F. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΟFΒ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ x1Β ΠΈ x2 Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ |R| ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° R ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΟFΒ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ο1Β ΠΈ Ο2Β ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ F ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ F Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² x1 ΠΈ x2β. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ².ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° β ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
One-Bead Microrheology with Rotating Particles
We lay the theoretical basis for one-bead microrheology with rotating
particles, i.e, a method where colloids are used to probe the mechanical
properties of viscoelastic media. Based on a two-fluid model, we calculate the
compliance and discuss it for two cases. We first assume that the elastic and
fluid component exhibit both stick boundary conditions at the particle surface.
Then, the compliance fulfills a generalized Stokes law with a complex shear
modulus whose validity is only limited by inertial effects, in contrast to
translational motion. Secondly, we find that the validity of the Stokes regime
is reduced when the elastic network is not coupled to the particleComment: 7 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Europhys. Let
ΠΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Magnetic testing of steels' mechanical properties is based on their correlation with steels' magnetic parameters. The purpose of this work was to establish dependence of the attainable correlation coefficient Rmax between measurement results and the parameter values a on the reduced error of its measurement. The article proposes a model of the correlation field between the parameter true values and the results of its measurement with a given reduced error Ξ΄. The merits and legitimacy of using the model for estimation of the achievable correlation coefficient Rmax are substantiated. Analysis of influence of Ξ΄ parameter measurement in different ranges d of its change on Rmax is carried out. Results are compared with the previous analysis for the relative measurement error. It has been established in this work that the coefficient Rmax calculated for the reduced measurement error is always smaller than Rmax one calculated for the relative measurement error. However in the practically important range of variation of d with Ξ΄ β€ 0.05 the difference between the Rmax values calculated for the reduced and relative measurement errors is not large. This allows us to use the developed formula for the dependence Rmax = Rmax (Ξ΄, d) at Rmax β₯ 0.8 for both relative and reduced measurement errors Ξ΄. The obtained result allows us using the reduced measurement error of a metrologically certified measuring instrument to obtain the maximum attainable correlation coefficient between the true values and the results of measuring a parameter in a given range of its change without measurements. As an example, we define the conditions for the non-destructive testing of steels under which one can use measuring of magnetic parameters with the installation certified based on the reduced measurement error.ΠΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Rmax ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Ξ΄. ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Rmax. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Ξ΄ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
d Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Rmax. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Rmax, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Rmax, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ d ΠΏΡΠΈ Ξ΄ β€ 0,05 ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Rmax, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Rmax = Rmax (Ξ΄, d) ΠΏΡΠΈ Rmax β₯ 0,8 ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
The exact determination of Vickers HV hardness is important for determining of the product material mechanical properties. An important aspect of measuring HV is to obtain its values on a non-planar surface. Regulatory documents contain table values of correction factorsΒ KΒ which depend on the surface shape (convex or concave, spherical or cylindrical), its curvature (diameterΒ D) and hardness (arithmetic meanΒ dΒ of indentation diagonal lengths) but this does not solved the problem. TheΒ KΒ values forΒ d/DΒ ratios not given in the tables are determined by interpolation from the closest to the measured tabulatedΒ d/DΒ values. The error in the representation of these tabulatedΒ d/DΒ values is fully included in the error of determining theΒ KΒ coefficient for the measuredΒ d/DΒ ratio. The aim of the work was to simplify the calculation of correction factorsΒ KΒ for Vickers hardness measurements on non-planar surfaces and to reduce the calculation error compared to the methodology governed by the regulations.The method presented is based on a statistical analysis ofΒ KΒ coefficients, presented in regulatory documents for cases considered in the form of tables. The sufficiency of using of a quadratic power function for approximatingΒ K(d/D) dependences and the necessity of fulfilling the physically justified conditionΒ KΒ β‘ 1 at zero curvature of tested surface have been substantiated. Simplification of calculation ofΒ KΒ coefficient and decrease of calculation error in comparison with the recommended in the regulatory documents obtaining ofΒ KΒ value by linear interpolation relative to two adjacent table values are shown.The reduction of the calculation error in comparison with the calculation recommended in the regulatory documents occurred because of the reason that when calculating by the developed formulas, the error in the value of the calculated for a specific value ofΒ d/DΒ coefficientΒ KΒ is averaged over all n values ofΒ d/DΒ given in the table of GOST for a given surface. That is, the error is reduced by a factor of about βn 2 in comparison with the calculation according to the regulated procedure. This is illustrated by the above numerical data and an example of the use of the method.The obtained formulas for calculation of correction coefficientsΒ KΒ when measuring hardness HV on spherical and cylindrical (concave and convex) surfaces are reasonable to use for automatic calculation of HV on items with a non-planar surface.Π’ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ HV ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ HV ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Β Π, Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ (Π²ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ³Π½ΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ) ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ (Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β D) ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ dΒ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°) Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΒ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ d/D, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ d/D. ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ d/DΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Β ΠΒ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ d/D. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Β ΠΒ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Β Π, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΒ Π(d/D) ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΒ ΠΒ β‘ 1 ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Β ΠΒ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΒ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.Π‘Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ d/DΒ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Β ΠΒ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΒ nΒ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΒ d/D, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π’ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² βn 2 ΡΠ°Π· ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Β ΠΒ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ HV Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
(Π²ΠΎΠ³Π½ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡ
) ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ° HV Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ
Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ
Highly loaded transmission gears are cemented and hardened. An important parameter of the hardened cemented layer is its effective thickness hef . Metal banding and the unavoidable instrumental error in hardness measuring have a great influence on the reliability of hefΒ determination. The purpose of this article was to develop a methodology to improve the reliability of determining of the effective thickness hefΒ of the hardened layer in steel after carburizing and quenching.The value of hefΒ is the distance h from the surface of the product to the hardness zone of 50 HRC. The article substantiates that approximation of hardness change from the distance h to the product surface will allow to obtain a more reliable dependence of hardness change in the investigated area when making hardness measurements in a wider range of distance h. Therefore, to increase the reliability of hef determination, results of the HV0.5 hardness measurement in an extended range of changes in h in the vicinity of the analyzed zone were used. The HV0.5 measurement results are converted to HRC hardness values using the formula recommended by the international standard. The HRC(h) distribution of HRC hardness values in the measurement area is interpolated by a second-degree polynomial which physically correctly reflects the change in metal hardness in the analyzed area. The resulting polynomial is used to determine of the distance hef at which the hardness takes on a value of 50 HRC. The methodology was used to determine the hefΒ of an 18KhGT steel gear wheel after carburizing and quenching. It is shown that results of two independent measurements of the hef sample differ from each other by 0.003 mm. This is significantly less than the permissible error of 0.02 mm of the hefΒ determination according to the standard technique. The error of hef determination is reduced by extending the range of variation of h and statistically valid interpolation of the monotonic change in hardness with the distance from the surface of the item in the measurement area. The developed method of determining the effective thickness hefΒ of the hardened steel layer consists in determining the distribution of its hardness in the expanded vicinity of the hef area, approximating the obtained dependence by a polynomial of the second degree and solving the square equation obtained with its use. The technique provides a significant reduction in the influence of the structural banding of the metal and the inevitable error in measuring hardness on the result of determining the hefΒ . Its application will allow to optimize the cementation regimes of gear wheels to increase their service life.ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Π° hefΒ . ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ hefΒ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ hefΒ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈ.ΠΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ hefΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ h ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡΡ 50 HRC. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ h Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ h. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ hefΒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ HV0,5 Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ h Π² ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ HV0,5 ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ HRC ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Π΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ. Π Π°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ HRC(h) Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ HRC Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° Π² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ hefΒ , ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 50 HRC. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ hefΒ Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ 18Π₯ΠΠ’ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ hefΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° Π½Π° 0,003 ΠΌΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ 0,02 ΠΌΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ hefΒ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ hefΒ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ h ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ hefΒ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ hefΒ , Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ hefΒ . ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
Stress state of the surface layer in the contact zone of mating teeth of cylindrical gears has been studied. It is established that stressed state of contact surfaces in the meshing pole of mating teeth is characterized not only by surface contact stresses, but also by deep equivalent stresses. It is shown that under contact loading the stressed state of surface layer is heterogeneous and changes with distance from the surface. Analysis and substantiation of calculation model for stressed state of diffusion layer in contact zone of mating teeth of surface-hardened gears are performed. Value of coefficient, which takes into account influence of normal stresses on efficiency of tangential ones, is specified. Reliability and validity of model of calculation of stressed condition of surface layer in contact zone of mating teeth of surface-hardened gears were estimated according to results of full-scale bench tests of the gears made of cemented steel 20Π₯ΠΠΠ . The values of contact stresses in tooth meshing pole were corrected considering the load concentration across the width of cogged ring gear. Spalling depth of damaged teeth was determined by measuring impressions taken from the teeth of each examined gear with methacrylic resin. It is established that the nucleation zone of deep contact pitting for gears with 6.5 mm module is on the depth of occurrence of calculated maximum equivalent shear stresses. The consistency of the calculation results with the experimental data shows the validity of the calculated stress-strain model for involute gears.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π² ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ. Π£ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Ρ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ 20Π₯ΠΠΠ . ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ
Ρ Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ 6,5 ΠΌΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π·Π°Π»Π΅Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ
Calculation of Correction Factors for Vickers Hardness Measurements on a Non-Planar Surface
The exact determination of Vickers HV hardness is important for determining of the product material mechanical properties. An important aspect of measuring HV is to obtain its values on a non-planar surface. Regulatory documents contain table values of correction factors K which depend on the surface shape (convex or concave, spherical or cylindrical), its curvature (diameter D) and hardness (arithmetic mean d of indentation diagonal lengths) but this does not solved the problem. The K values for d/D ratios not given in the tables are determined by interpolation from the closest to the measured tabulated d/D values. The error in the representation of these tabulated d/D values is fully included in the error of determining the K coefficient for the measured d/D ratio. The aim of the work was to simplify the calculation of correction factors K for Vickers hardness measurements on non-planar surfaces and to reduce the calculation error compared to the methodology governed by the regulations. The method presented is based on a statistical analysis of K coefficients, presented in regulatory documents for cases considered in the form of tables. The sufficiency of using of a quadratic power function for approximating K(d/D) dependences and the necessity of fulfilling the physically justified condition K β‘ 1 at zero curvature of tested surface have been substantiated. Simplification of calculation of K coefficient and decrease of calculation error in comparison with the recommended in the regulatory documents obtaining of K value by linear interpolation relative to two adjacent table values are shown. The reduction of the calculation error in comparison with the calculation recommended in the regulatory documents occurred because of the reason that when calculating by the developed formulas, the error in the value of the calculated for a specific value of d/D coefficient K is averaged over all n values of d/D given in the table of GOST for a given surface. That is, the error is reduced by a factor of about in comparison with the calculation according to the regulated procedure. This is illustrated by the above numerical data and an example of the use of the method. The obtained formulas for calculation of correction coefficients K when measuring hardness HV on spherical and cylindrical (concave and convex) surfaces are reasonable to use for automatic calculation of HV on items with a non-planar surface
Structure and kinetics in the freezing of nearly hard spheres
We consider homogeneous crystallisation rates in confocal microscopy
experiments on colloidal nearly hard spheres at the single particle level.
These we compare with Brownian dynamics simuations by carefully modelling the
softness in the interactions with a Yukawa potential, which takes account of
the electrostatic charges present in the experimental system. Both structure
and dynamics of the colloidal fluid are very well matched between experiment
and simulation, so we have confidence that the system simulated is close to
that in the experiment. In the regimes we can access, we find reasonable
agreement in crystallisation rates between experiment and simulations, noting
that the larger system size in experiments enables the formation of critical
nuclei and hence crystallisation at lower supersaturations than the
simulations. We further examine the structure of the metastable fluid with a
novel structural analysis, the topological cluster classification. We find that
at densities where the hard sphere fluid becomes metastable, the dominant
structure is a cluster of m=10 particles with five-fold symmetry. At a particle
level, we find three regimes for the crystallisation process: metastable fluid
(dominated by m=10 clusters), crystal and a transition region of frequent
hopping between crystal-like environments and other (m\neq10) structuresComment: 10 page