Hubungan Kadar Tiroglobulin, Tsh Dan Ft4 Serum Pada Anak Usia Sekolah Di Tiga Kabupaten Dengan Tingkat Endemisitas Defisiensi-iodium Berbeda (Association Between the Serum Thyroglobulin, Tsh, and Ft4 Among School-aged Children in Three Districts with Dif

Iodine deficiency lowers circulating thyroxine (T4) and raises serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), where free T4 (fT4) and TSH have strong corelation with thyroglobulin (Tg). The results from population studies indicate, Tg appears to be a valuable indicator of thyroid status, but it has yet to be fully explored. This study aimed to measure the association between serum Tg with TSH and fT4 as alternatif indicators thyroid status in school-aged children. This was a cross-sectional study of sample of 398 schoolchildren aged 10-12 years in three districts with different iodine-deficiency endemicity level, i.e. Pati as a mild endemic district, Purbalingga as a moderate endemic district, and Malang as a severe endemic district. Children\u27s blood have taken 3 cc as a sample for the determination of Tg, TSH, and fT4. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to determine Tg, TSH and fT4. Mean of serum Tg 14.3 ± 11.1 ng/mL (cut-off 2-50 ng/mL), TSH 3.7 ± 2.2 µIU/mL (cut-off 0.3-6.2), fT4 1.4 ± 0.4 ng/dL (cut-off 0.8-2.0 ng/dL). Correlation analysis was showed the significance of Tg and TSH (p< 0.05) and Tg with fT4 (p< 0.05). The significance analysis of Tg with TSH and fT4 may be evaluated as indicator for thyroid function in school-aged children in iodine-deficiency endemic areas

Kombinasi Indikator Status Iodium Pada Anak Usia Sekolah Untuk Menilai Keseriusan Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Iodium (Combined Indicator of Iodine Status Among School Age Children to Assess Severity of Iodine Deficiency Disorders)

Iodine in salt fortification program is intended for universal iodized salt in the response to Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD). There are clinical indicators and biological indicators to assess the seriousness of the IDD problem among school-age children (SAC) is volume of the thyroid gland, urinary iodine concentration (UIC) levels, and levels of thyroglobulin (Tg). To assess the seriousness of IDD problem on the basis of the clinical and biological indicators of SAC. The study was conducted in Purbalingga, Pati and Malang Districts. Subjects were 10-12 years of age children. Data collected include UIC levels, Total Goiter Rate (TGR), and serum Tg levels. In Pati Districts: Wedarijaksa Subdistrict: median value of UIC was 150 µg/L; TGR was 28 percent and Tg >50 µg/L was 1 percent. Pucakwangi Subdistric: median value of UIC was 207 µg/L; TGR was 42 percent and Tg level >50 µg/L was 1,8 percent. In Purbalingga District: Karangtengah Subdistrict: median value of UIC was 191 µg/L; TGR was 11 percent and no children with Tg level >50 µg/L. Pengadegan: Subdistrict: median value of UIC was 232 µg/L; TGR was 8 percent and Tg level >50 µg/L was 1 percent. In Malang District: Sumber Manjing Wetan Subdistrict: median value of UIC was 148 µg/L; TGR was 1 percent and Tg level >50 µg/L was 2 percent. Poncokusumo Subdistrict: median value of UIC was 145 µg/L; TGR was 19 percent and no Tg level data. Seriousness of the IDD problem in Pati District: clinically is an area of endemic goiter, but biologically, iodine intake is sufficient. In Purbalingga District: clinically is an area of mild endemic goitre, but biologically, iodine intake is sufficient. In Malang Distrct: clinically is an area of non-endemic goiter and biologically, iodine intake is sufficient. Discrepancy between clinical indicators and biological indicators of iodine is the impact transition because of IDD control

Nilai Diagnostik Indikator Fisik Dibandingkan Baku Emas Untuk Menegakkan Diagnosis Terduga Kretin Pada Batita

Iodine severe deficiency is a major cause of impairment due to iodine deficiency disorders. Cretinism is a consequence of iodine deficiency in the womb with clinical signs that stand out among others is mental retardation. In Indonesia, there were many cases of endemic goiter and cretinism. Diagnosis of cretinism can be established more accurately by laboratory tests, but it is expensive and less practical when conducted the field. Currently there are available tools for early detection for hypothiroid in neonates (NHI, Quebec) less expensive and easier to implement however it can not be used for older children. The instrument need to be developed for older children that was easy, deap and can provide a reliable diagnostic result. This diagnostic test research studied the diagnostic value of physical indicators for the diagnosis of suspected cretinism in infants and toddlers. The research was conducted in Magelang, Wonosobo, Wonogiri and Ponorogo Districts, for 10 months. Subject were infants and children under three years old. The information generated in the form of cretinism suspected early detection instrument (DDSK) for infant and toddler at the community level. The proportion of subjects with high TSH and low FT4 (hypothyroid) were 4.6% and 98.8%. The proportion of subjects experiencing developmental disorder were 36.4% (Denver test); impaired function of hearing were 2.7% and impaired motor function were 5.5%. The result of diagnosis using DDSK form, subjects detected cretinism suspected of 11.9%, and the diagnostic gold standard (the combined test results of Denver, Bayley, clinical examination and laboratory) of 11.3%. There is a significant relationship (p< 0.001) between the presence of positive test results with cretinism suspected; grades Se= 47.1%, Sp= 92.5%. Compare with gold standard, physical indicators of diagnostic test (DDSK) could diagnosed suspected cretinism among children under three years. Revising components and scoring in the indicators of cretinism suspected early detection instrument (DDSK) for infant and toddler were necessary

Perkiraan Asupan Iodium Dan Natrium Menggunakan Urin 24 Jam Pada Anak Dan Dewasa

Basic health research (Riskesdas) 2007 found high rate of hypertension (31.7%). The question is, whether iodine fortification program in the salt still relevant because salt intake correlated with hypertension. This study is a cross sectional, assessing the levels of iodine and sodium in urine with estimation of iodine and sodium intake. This was a cross sectional study. Sample of this study were 99 families, including father, mother, and 6-12 years children. The study was conducted in three villages in Getasan Sub-district, Semarang District. Variables collected included body height and weight, iodine content of household salt, 24 hours urine volume, urine iodine and urine sodium excretion. Intake of iodine and sodium estimated with urinary iodine and sodium excretion values and urine volume. Type of salt consumed (97%) was brick form, the average of iodine content in salt was 20.4 ppm potassium iodate and consumption of salt was 8.0 ± 4.7 grams per day. Median and mean urine volume was 1500 (1523 mL ± 623) mL. The median urinary iodine excretion (EIU) is 93 (105 ± 61) μg/L. Proportion of subjects with < 100 μg/L UIE was 55.6% and ≥ 300 μg/L UIE was 1%. Median and mean urinary sodium excretion (USE) was 2588 mg/L (2732 ± 986) mg/L. The proportion of USE ≥ 2300 mg/L was 62%. Frequency of iodine and sodium food source consumption: 47.5% of subjects eating instant noodles and snacks 1-2 times a week, 98% consume MSG/ketchup/sauce ≥ 1 times a day. Frequency of salty foods consumption: 53.9% of subjects consumed 1-2 times a week and 26.9% consumed bread/biscuit/cake 1-2 times a week. Median and mean intake of iodine of subject (father, mother, child) was 113 ug/L and 126 ± 73 mg/L. Median and mean sodium intake were 3131 mg/L and 3306 ± 1193 mg/L. In sum, salt is a major source of iodine and sodium intakes although the level of iodine was considered low compared to the national standard of industry. The study location is a mild iodine deficiency area but considerably high intake of sodium based on the analysis of a 24 hour urine collection

Pengaruh Penggunaan Garam Beriodium Standar Terhadap Status Iodium Anak Sekolah Dasar Yang Mengonsumsi Makanan Sumber Iodium Tinggi Di Daerah Non Endemik

Background. IDD survey results indicate the high incidence of hyperthyroidism atschoolchildren in most areas, including Semarang (42.0%). Households that consumeiodized salt with >= 30 ppm (above minimal requirement) in the region is already high(80.0%). Because people living in non-endemic coastal areas assumed to consumehigher iodine from food sources, the role of iodine in salt for causing hyperthyroidsymptoms need to be investigated. Objective. Examining the effects of iodizedsalt (SNI >=30 ppm) consumption for the adequacy of iodine in elementary schoolchildren who consume high iodine foods sources in non endemic regions coastalarea. Method. Study design was quasi experimental. The intervention materials werestandardized iodized salt (>=30 ppm KIO3). The study was conducted in SemarangCity and Magelang District for 9 months. Samples were 160 grade 4-6 elementaryschool children Research variables were urinary iodine excretion (24-hours urinesamples); consumption of iodine food sources, nutritional status, iodized salt, andnutrients intake. Results. Pretest result in group I (coastal area) showed that themedian value of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) in subject was 191 ug/day (normal).The proportion of subjects with iodine deficiency and excess were 10.4 and 23.4%.Pretest result in group II (non-coastal area) showed the median value of UIE insubjects was 96 ug/day (deficience). The proportion of subjects with iodine deficiencyand excess were 51.8 and 1.2 percents. After 9 months intervention, group I showedthe median value of UIE in subject was 148 ug/day (normal category). The proportionof subjects with iodine deficiency and excess were 28.6 and 13 percents. In groupII, after 9 months intervention, the median value of UIE in subjects was 83 ug/day(deficience). The proportion of subjects with iodine deficiency and excess were 60.2and 2.4 percents. Conclusion. After 9 months standardized iodized salt (>=30 ppmKIO3) intervention, school children in the coastal area (with high iodine food sourcesconsumption), still had normal range in the median value of UIE

Measurement of nicotine withdrawal symptoms: linguistic validation of the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (WSWS) in Malay

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The purpose of the linguistic validation of the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (WSWS) was to produce a translated version in Malay language which was "conceptually equivalent" to the original U.S. English version for use in clinical practice and research.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A seven-member translation committee conducted the translation process using the following methodology: production of two independent forward translations; comparison and reconciliation of the translations; backward translation of the first reconciled version; comparison of the original WSWS and the backward version leading to the production of the second reconciled version; pilot testing and review of the translation, and finalization.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Linguistic and conceptual issues arose during the process of translating the instrument, particularly pertaining to the title, instructions, and some of the items of the scale. In addition, the researchers had to find culturally acceptable equivalents for some terms and idiomatic phrases. Notable among these include expressions such as "irritability", "feeling upbeat", and "nibbling on snacks", which had to be replaced by culturally acceptable expressions. During cognitive debriefing and clinician's review processes, the Malay translated version of WSWS was found to be easily comprehensible, clear, and appropriate for the smoking withdrawal symptoms intended to be measured.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We applied a rigorous translation method to ensure conceptual equivalence and acceptability of WSWS in Malay prior to its utilization in research and clinical practice. However, to complete the cultural adaptation process, future psychometric validation is planned to be conducted among Malay speakers.</p

ASIL determination for motorbike’s Electronics Throttle Control System (ETCS) mulfunction

Electronics Throttle Control System (ETCS) is the principal electronic unit in all fuel injection engine motorbike, augmenting the engine performance efficiency in comparison to the conventional carburetor based engine. ETCS is regarded as a safety-critical component, whereby ETCS malfunction can cause unintended acceleration or deceleration event, which can be hazardous to riders. In this study, Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment, an ISO26262 functional safety standard analysis has been applied on motorbike’s ETCS to determine the required automotive safety integrity level. Based on the analysis, the established automotive safety integrity level can help to derive technical and functional safety measures for ETCS development

An assessment of gender norms among students towards equality in higher education

Measuring gender norms of young people are one of the important issues that have been attracted by the attention of the researchers in education. Currently, gender related violence, including sexual, physical, or psychological harm to girls and boys on the basis of their sex is common in the classroom as well as public domain. The purpose of this paper is to assess gender norms among students towards equality in higher education in Malaysia. The study was conducted in two higher learning institutions: International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) and Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) in Malaysia. A total of 300 students (77 males & 223 females) were selected as the respondents from the study areas using purposive sampling method. A survey research design was employed in this study. Questionnaires were completed in a supervised setting by the research protocol. The first objective of this study was to assess student’s attitudes towards equality at higher learning institutions from traditional and non-traditional perspectives. Results revealed that despite the majority of the respondents performed favourable attitudes towards equality; less favourable attitude towards gender equality was noted with respect to religious leadership and boys’ priority over girls in education. The study examined whether there is any difference between male and female student’s attitudes towards equality. Results showed that female students tended to have more egalitarian or non-traditional attitudes towards equality. The paper analyzed the relationship between the demographic characteristics and student’s attitudes towards equality. The results revealed that the ethnicity (r=0.26; p<0.01), region of residence (r=0.12; p<0.05), father’s educational level (r=0.117; p<0.043) and family members of studying were significantly related to the student’s attitudes towards equality