Adult Cleaner Wrasse Outperform Capuchin Monkeys, Chimpanzees and Orang-utans in a Complex Foraging Task Derived from Cleaner – Client Reef Fish Cooperation

The insight that animals’ cognitive abilities are linked to their evolutionary history, and hence their ecology, provides the framework for the comparative approach. Despite primates renowned dietary complexity and social cognition, including cooperative abilities, we here demonstrate that cleaner wrasse outperform three primate species, capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees and orang-utans, in a foraging task involving a choice between two actions, both of which yield identical immediate rewards, but only one of which yields an additional delayed reward. The foraging task decisions involve partner choice in cleaners: they must service visiting client reef fish before resident clients to access both; otherwise the former switch to a different cleaner. Wild caught adult, but not juvenile, cleaners learned to solve the task quickly and relearned the task when it was reversed. The majority of primates failed to perform above chance after 100 trials, which is in sharp contrast to previous studies showing that primates easily learn to choose an action that yields immediate double rewards compared to an alternative action. In conclusion, the adult cleaners’ ability to choose a superior action with initially neutral consequences is likely due to repeated exposure in nature, which leads to specific learned optimal foraging decision rules

Discriminación por razón de género y negociación colectiva tras la ley 3/2012

Este artículo describe y analiza la configuración jurídica del convenio colectivo como fuente reguladora y ga-rantista del derecho de igualdad y no dis-criminación por razón de género, tanto con carácter general como en el ámbito específico del acceso al empleo, formación y promoción en el trabajo y en las más relevantes condiciones en las relaciones laborales. A tal fin, y a partir de la doctrina establecida por la jurisprudencia constitucional, se estudian las causas de la desigualdad y las categorías que permiten una fundamentación razonable y objetiva para lograr la igualdad material. También se aportan datos cuantitativos acerca de la influencia de la Ley Orgánica 3/2007 en el régimen de los convenios convenios colectivos en esta materia.This paper work de-scribes and analyses the collective agree-ments legal configuration as regulating and guarantor source of the equality's right and no discrimination because of the sex, as much in general terms as in the specific field of accessing to a job, training and advance-ment in the job and in the main conditions in the labour relationships. According the established doctrine by the constitutional sentences, we study the inequality causes and the categories which give a reasonable and factual basis to reach a material equality. In addition, this work also provides quanti-tative facts about the influence of Organic Law 3/2007 in the collective agreements regime in this matte

Parasites as scouts in behaviour research

No living being seems left untroubled by parasites. Parasitologists study with increasing enthusiasm when and how parasites alter host behaviour. Elucidating the neurological, endocrinological and molecular mechanisms mediating possible changes in the host’s behaviour is unlikely to explain how parasites induce forms of “bizarre”, “odd” or “drastically new and strange behaviours”. We argue that parasites make use of behaviour programs that already existed in their hosts rather than creating host behaviour de novo. From an evolutionary and/or ontogenetical point of view, parasites might ‘fake’ an everyday life signal, activate a silent sub-repertoire, or even free dormant (i.e. phylogenetically old) behaviours. We illustrate by means of a few, well-known phenomena how a thorough ethological approach will be essential in determining the origin of the shown host behaviour and to differentiate between superficially similar but separate behaviour syndromes.  Parasites may even merit the label of scouts in behaviour research, unmasking behavioural capabilities not at hand in the host’s standard repertoire and occasionally they might be used as tools to draw attention to relevant nervous control areas.

Spinal Cord

spinal cord AR and ER expressio

Gonad

gonad AR expressio

Species Means

average species AR and ER expressio