CANINE LEPTOSPIROSIS IDENTIFICATION IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria from the genus Leptospira with various serovars and often presents with a wide range of clinical signs from mild to severe conditions, particularly it presents with a mild fever to asymptomatic infection-causing animal death. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of canine leptospirosis through laboratory examinations supported by medical record data in a small animal practice at the drh Cucu K. Sajuthi Joint Veterinary Practice, in Jakarta. The study was conducted on serum samples of sixteen dogs from drh Cucu K. Sajuthi Joint Veterinary Practice patients, which presented varied clinical signs of leptospirosis, and which had been accompanied by hematological examination, blood biochemistry, and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) against various serovars such as Bataviae, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Javanica. The collected data was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that canine leptospirosis was more commonly derived from Bataviae serovar and was accompanied by clinical signs such as vomiting, jaundice, anorexia, abdominal pain, lethargy, pale mucosal membrane, diarrhea, dehydration, dyspnea, and polyuria/polydipsia. A predisposition of gender and age was commonly found in male dogs less than 5 years old. Abnormalities found from hematological examination were leukocytosis, granulocytosis (neutrophilia), anemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia, while blood chemistry showed azotemia, an increase in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP), hyperbilirubinemia, hyponatremia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypoalbuminemia

PF-18 Photomicrograph of Nanogel Andrographolide-Beta Cyclodextrine Inclusion Complex As Anti-Burns

Inclusion complex is a complex formed between drug molecules which act as guest or located inside the cavity of host molecule. Host molecules are commonly originated from the derivative group of cyclodextrin. Among cyclodextrin groups, beta cyclodextrin (BCD) is mostly used in formula development and drug delivery system [1].Andrographolide (AG) is a pure isolate chemically syntesized from sambiloto herbs (Andrographis paniculata Nees), in the form of needle cystal-like which is colorless and extremely bitter. AG has variety of medical properties, particularly as anti-inflamation to treat skin burns [2]. However AG has poor solubility in water. This will result in low abillity to solute, penetrate membrane, and distribute the drug when applied transdermally in burn skin. In burn skin, there is tendency to skin damage, especially in stratum corneum which acts as semipermeable barrier. The ability of drugs that applied transdermally tends to be high.Formation of inclusion complex using AG and BCD to increase the ability of AG in penetrating membrane should be done. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) is a fast technique to confirm the formation of drug or inclusion complex by  comparing the shape and particle size [3]. Study on percutaneous penetration of AG-BCD inclusion complex is produced through solvent evaporation method at mole ration 1:2 in viscolam gel preparation

Lipid oxidation and antimicrobial activity of cooked beef patties as influenced by leaf extracts of “Cemba” (Albizia lebbeckoides [DC.] Benth)

Cemba (Albizia lebbeckoides [DC.] Benth.) leaf extract (CLE) was evaluated for some physical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities incorporated into beef patties during cold storage. Four Formulation employed were control, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 0.01, CLE 0.5, and CLE 1% (w/w). The variables measured were proximate composition, cooking parameters, pH, aw, WHC, color, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, DPPH scavenging activity, TBARS value, and microbial total. The data were analyzed using ANOVA one factor for proximate and cooking parameters, and ANOVA with factorial 4x5 for pH, aw, WHC, color, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, DPPH scavenging activity, TBARS value, and microbial total and continued with Tukey test. The results of the study showed that the addition of the CLE did not affect the proximate composition and cooking parameters of the patties. The cooked beef patties with 1% CLE showed significantly lower (P<0.05) for TBARS value, pH, bacterial total (mesophilic and psychrophilic) compared to 0.5% CLE and controls. The total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, scavenging activity of CLE 1 % were significantly higher (P<0.05) than 0.5% CLE and controls during the cold storage period (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Addition of both 0.5 and 1% CLE in cooked beef patty reduced bacteria total. The addition of 1% CLE had equivalent to BHT 0.01% effect in retarding lipid oxidation. In conclusion, the CLE 1% was effective to retard lipid oxidation and inhibit bacteria growth of cooked beef patties

Kajian Penanda Genetik Gen Cytochrome B Pada Tarsius sp. =Study of Genetic Marker on Cytochrome B Gene of Tarsius sp.

Tarsius merupakan salah satu satwa endemik Indonesia yang keberadaannya mulai memprihatinkan. Konservasi sebagai salah satu cara untuk pelestarian satwa ini akan lebih terarah dan berhasil guna apabila karakteristik dan keragaman sumber genetiknya diketahui dengan pasti. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji penanda genetik spesifik gen cyt b pada Tarsius sp. Pengurutan hasil PCR menggunakan primer H 15149 pada gen cyt b didapatkan urutan basa sebesar 276 pb (menyandi 92 asam amino. Fragmen cyt b hash! pengurutan disejajarkan berganda dengan primata lain dari data Genbank dengan bantuan perangkat lunak Genetyx-Win versi 3.0 dan Clustal W, kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan program MEGA versi 3.1. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh 14 situs asam amino yang berbeda. Tarsius dianae memiliki 12 situs asam amino (asam amino ke 2, 6, 9, 22, 23, 29, 39, 41, 42, 45, 55 dan 85), T. spectrum memiliki 7 situs asam amino (asam amino ke 2, 6, 9, 41, 45, 55 dan 85) dan T bancanus memiliki 2 situs asam amino ( ke 23 dan 45) yang dapat digunakan sebagai penanda genetik. Lima asam amino unik ditemukan pada T dianae, yaitu pada situs asam amino ke 6 (valina), ke 22 (alanina), ke 29 (alanina), ke 39 (serina) dan ke 42 (valina). Jarak genetik berdasar nukleotida cyt b yang dihitung menggunakan model 2 parameter Kimura ditemukan nilai paling kecil sebesar 0,7%, nilai paling besar 22,3% dan rata-rata 13,1%. Filogram menggunakan metode neighbor joining berdasar hasil urutan nukleotida dan asam amino cyt b tersebut dapat dijadikan pembeda masing-masing spesies Tarsius. Kato kunci: Tarsius sp., gen cyt b, asam amino, urutan DNA Tarsius is an endemic species in Indonesia that is threatened. Conservation of this species would yield better results if its genetic make up and diversity were determined. The objective of this research was to study the specific genetic marker on cyt b gene of Tarsius sp. Sequencing of PCR product using primer H15149 on cyt b gene yielded base sequence of 276 by (coding 92 amino acids). Multiple aligment was crried out using Genetyc-Win Version 3.0 and Clustal W and analyzed using MEGA program Version 3.1. Fourteen different amino acid sites were found. Tarsius dianae had 12 amino acid sites (amino acid no. 2, 6, 9, 22, 23, 29, 39, 41, 42, 45, 55 and 85), T. spectrum had 7 amino acid sites (amino acid no. 2, 6, 9, 41, 45, 55 and 85) and T bancanus had 2 amino acid sites (amino acid no. 23 and 45) which can be used as genetic marker. Five unique amino acids were found on T dianae, such as amino acid site: 6 (valine), 22 (alanin), 29 (alanin), 39 (serin) and site 42 (valine). The genetic distance based on Kimura 2-parameter model ranged between 0,7% and 22,3%, with averaged of 13.1%. The phylogram using Neighbor Joining method based on the sequence of nucleotide and amino acid of cyt b reveded differentiation among Tarsius. Key words: Tarsius sp., cyt b gene, amino acid, DNA sequenc

Chemoprevention Activity of Temu Mangga Extracts

The chemoprevention activity of temu mangga extracts was&nbsp;investigated by determination of antioxidant activity with a peroxidation number method and gluthatione-S-transferase&nbsp;(GST) activity in Chang medium culture and cell lysate (total GST activity). The results indicated that ethanol extract&nbsp;has a strong antioxidant activity. It is caused by the phenolic group in the ethanol extract. Treatment Chang cell&nbsp;culture with 7th and 4th ethanol fractions increased the GST activity when compared to the control. The total GST&nbsp;activity (cytosolic and microsomal) increased when Chang cell culture was treated with H2O2/Fe+2. The decrease of the&nbsp;total GST activity was observed when 7th and 4th ethanol fractions were supplemented with H2O2/Fe+2 compared to the&nbsp;cell culture receiving H2O2/Fe+2 only

Edible Bird’s Nest Extract Reduced Expression of Senescence Markers in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is often consumed as a health food due to its suggested health benefits, including anti-aging effects, however the mechanism is still unknown. This study investigated the effect of EBN extract using long term expansion bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) as an aging model. Passage 5 (P5) and passage 8 (P8) BMMSCs were treated with EBN extract, and their proliferation, senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, and expression of p16INK4a were analyzed. Treatment of BMMSCs with EBN extract decreased population doubling time (PDT) in P5 but not in P8 BMMSCs. In P5 BMMSCs, 200 ppm EBN extract increased BMMSCs proliferation, with PDT reduced by 27.6%. However, 200 ppm EBN extracts did not affect P8 BMMSCs proliferation, although it increased BMMSCs viability. Treatment of P5 and P8 BMMSCs with 200 ppm EBN extract decreased SA-β-Gal activity by 54.8% and 47.1% of the control, respectively (P<0.05). Levels of p16INK4a expression were 5.4-fold lower in P5 BMMSCs treated with 200 ppm EBN extract compared to control (P<0.05). Similarly, treatment of P8 BMMSCs with 200 ppm EBN extract reduced p16INK4a mRNA level by 7.9-fold compared to the control (P<0.05). In order to investigate the pathway of EBN extract inhibition, we further analyzed IL-6 and NF-κB1 expression. Treatment of P5 and P8 BMMSCs with 200 ppm EBN extract reduced IL-6 mRNA levels by 7.9-fold and 2.1-fold of control, respectively (P<0.05). We found that 200 ppm EBN extract reduced NF-κB1 mRNA level approximately 2.4-fold both in P5 and P8 BMMSCs (P<0.05). Thus, EBN extract reduces markers of senescence, indicated by decreased SA-β-Gal activity and p16INK4a mRNA level, and this correlated with reduced messenger RNA levels of the pro-inflammatory factor IL-6 and the transcription factor NF-κB1

Komparasi Data Hematologi pada Beberapa Spesies Macaca

Satwa primata merupakan salah satu hewan model yang banyak digunakan dalam penelitian biomedis karena secara anatomi dan fisiologis memiliki kesamaan dengan manusia. Darah merupakan salah satu cairan tubuh ekstraseluler yang berfungsi sebagai alat angkut atau media transport dan pertahanan tubuh. Gangguan keseimbangan yang terdapat pada setiap variabel kuantitatif dan kualitatif dari jenis sel-sel darah dapat menyebabkan validitas suatu penelitian menurun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data dasar hematologi Macaca siberu dan untuk mendapatkan informasi kekerabatan melalui data sekunder hematologi secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif dari Macaca leonina, dan Macaca nemestrina. Sampel diambil dari 8 ekor Macaca siberu (5 jantan dan 3 betina) dengan umur yang bervariasi dan tergolong sehat serta telah dipuasakan. Analisis sampel yang dilakukan yaitu berupa pemeriksaan diferensial leukosit, pemeriksaan kuantitatif sel-sel darah, dan indeks eritrosit yang dianalisis secara deskriptif. Profil hematologi pada Macaca siberu secara keseluruhan menunjukkan hasil yang tidak jauh berbeda dengan Macaca nemestrina dan Macaca leonina. Variasi nilai yang ditemukan dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor intrinsik seperti jenis kelamin, nutrisi, aktivitas dan stres, serta faktor ekstrinsik seperti suhu, ketinggian, dan letak geografis

Kajian Imunohistokimia Perkembangan Bentuk Neuron Atekolaminergik Pada Area Postrema Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis)= Morphological Development of Catecholaminergic Neurons in the Area Postrema of Long-tailed..

Area postrema merupakan sepasang penonjolan ke dorsal pada bagian kaudal medula oblongata yang berbatasan dengan ventrikel IV. Area ini berperan sebagai chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) pada proses muntah yang juga melibatkan neuron katekolaminergik (neuron KA). Pada kemoterapi penderita kanker, fungsi AP sebagai CTZ diupayakan untuk ditekan agar tidal( ada refleks muntah pada pasien. Dalam rangka lebih memahami neuron KA tersebut, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengamatan perkembangan bentuk neuron KA di area postrema (AP) monyet ekor panjang (MEP) mulai fetus (F) umur 40 sampai anak (P) umur 105 hari secara imunohistokimia menggunakan antibodi terhadap enzim tirosin hidroksilase (TH). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan neuron KA di medula oblongata belwn terlihat pada F40, dan bare dijumpai pada F55 di daerah bakal AP, bentuk bulat dengan inti besar dengan sitoplasma sedikit yang merupakan ciri perkembangan awal bentuk neuron. Prosesus sitoplasma yang pendek pada mulai ditemukan pada F85, dan neuron KA di AP berubah menjadi bipolar pada F100 yang merupakan tanda perkembangan menengah bentuk neuron. Dengan bertambahnya umur, prosesus sitoplasma neuron KA bipolar bertambah panjang yang merupakan ciri tingkat perkembangan bentuk akhir dan ditemukan dominan di AP pada P105. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa neuron KA di AP pada MEP berada dalam stadium perkembangan bentuk awal dan menengah selama masa prenatal, dan stadium perkembangan lanjut menuju ke perkembangan akhir terjadi pada masa postnatal. Kato kunci: monyet ekor panjang, area postrema, tirosin hidroksilase (TH), neuron katekolaminergik The morphological development of catecholaminergic (CA) neurons in the area postrema (AP) of long-tailed macaques from fetal day (F) 40 to 105 days old of infant (P) was studied immunohistochemically using antibody against enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The results show that the CA\u27s neurons did not appear yet at F40, but found at F55 in the anlage of AP, round in shape with big nuclei and few cytoplasms. The CA neuron\u27s morphology then becomes bipolar in shape with short cytoplasm processes at F100, and getting longer at P105. From the results we concluded that the development of CA\u27s neurons was in the early and intermediate stages during prenatal period of the long-tailed macaques, and the development in advance was continued in the postnatal period. Key words: long-tailed monkey, area postrema, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), catecholaminergic neuron

KIVSA-7 Persentase Kejadian Hiperbilirubinemia pada Kucing

PENDAHULUANHiperbilirubinemia merupakan kondisi patologis akibat terjadinya peningkatan kadar bilirubin di dalam darah (1). Hiperbilirubinemia ditandai dengan temuan klinis berupa ikterus. Ikterus dapat dikategorikan menjadi tiga bentuk yaitu prehepatik, hepatik dan posthepatik.Ikterus prehepatik dapat disebabkan oleh meningkatnya bilirubin indirek di dalam darah yang dapat terjadi akibat adanya destruksi sel darah merah secara berlebihan (hemolisis). Kondisi ini pada kucing dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai penyebab seperti immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), perubahan sekunder dari penyakit infeksius seperti feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), dan infeksi Mycoplasma haemofelis (5). Ikterus prehepatik tidak hanya terkait dengan adanya hemolisis namun juga dipengaruhi oleh kapasitas organ hati dalam mengkonjugasi bilirubin yang terkait dengan hypoxic liver damage yang umumnya terjadi bersamaan dengan anemia (8).Ikterus hepatik merupakan adanya akumulasi bilirubin indirek atau direk akibat adanya kerusakan atau gangguan pada organ hati. Kondisi ini dapat disebabkan oleh hepatik lipidosis, kolangitis, toksik hepatopati dan hepatik neoplasia (5). Sedangkan, ikterus posthepatik yaitu adanya akumulasi bilirubin direk akibat gangguan traktus hepatobiliari atau obstruksi saluran empedu. Yangmana pada kucing umumnya terkait dengan feline triaditis syndrome dan liver fluke (2)(7).Hiperbilirubinemia pada kucing kurang sensitif jika digunakan sebagai indikator gangguan pada hati karena kurang dari 50% kejadian kasus gangguan fungsi hati pada kucing menunjukkan adanya hiperbilirubinemia yang disertai dengan ikterus (6). Gangguan fungsi hati berkorelasi dengan adanya kondisi anemia. Anemia dapat terjadi selama adanya gangguan fungsi hati setelah terjadinya infeksi, perdarahan atau neoplasia (4).Penulisan ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi kejadian hiperbilirubinemia pada kucing melalui penelusuran lebih lanjut terkait ada atau tidaknya anemia dan mengkaji berbagai kausa yang mempengaruhi

Volatile Compounds of Pluchea indica Less and Ocimum basillicum Linn Essential Oiland Potency as Antioxidant

This research was conducted to identify volatile compounds of pluchea and basil essential oils and their antioxidant capacity to scavenge a DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl) free radical and inhibit lipid peroxidation. Essential oil of pluchea and basil leaves was prepared by hydrodistillation method and then their volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS. The volatile compounds in the essential oil of pluchea leaves consist of 66 components with (10S,11S)-Himachala-3-(12)-4-diene (17.13%) made up the highest proportion of volatile compounds. Basil leaves had 70 volatile components in which the major components were (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal  (23.98%) and (Z)- 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal (17.35%). Total phenol levels in pluchea and basil essential oils were 275 and 209 ppm, respectively. DPPH scavenging activity of the essential oil of pluchea leaves was lower than that of basil leaves, conversely inhibition activity of lipid peroxidation in palm oil of pluchea essential oil was higher than that of basil leaves