Aleurocanthus woglumi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Citrus: Opportunities and Challenges to Implement a Sustainable Management

Citrus BlackFly (CBF) always represented a threat to Brazil. The impact of the introduction in Brazil of the CBF has led to serious economic and environmental consequences. In this chapter, we will show relevant information on biological aspects, history of occurrence, and impact of CBF on Citrus in Brazil; data about dynamics populations and spatial distribution patterns and dependence will be presented. We are intending to emphasize in this chapter the main challenges and opportunities of some important tactics to promote sustainable management of CBF in citrus, such as: (i) biological control, (ii) chemical and others methods, and (iii) induced resistance

Notas sobre planejamento de assistência médica na América Latina e no Caribe

Attention is called to the fact that the efforts to improve health of populations in Latin America have generally failed. The inequality in the distribution of ill-health is great. The authors accept the fact that the lack of resources available to the health sector may be a restriction towards the improvement of the situation, but they argue that a much more important issue is the misuse of such resources and their maldistribution within the health sector. The lack of integration and coordination between the health services, the conflict of public and private health systems, the under-utilization of existing services and the gap between planning and real implementation are discussed.Chama-se a atenção para o fato de que os esforços para a melhoria da saúde das populações da América Latina, geralmente têm falhado. A desigualdade na distribuição de saúde é grande. Aceita-se o fato de que a falta de recursos disponíveis para o setor saúde pode ser empecilho para a melhoria da situação, mas argumenta-se que um fator muito mais importante é o uso indevido de tais recursos e sua má distribuição dentro do setor saúde. São discutidas as faltas de integração e coordenação dos serviços de saúde, o conflito entre sistemas público e privado de saúde, a sub-utilização dos serviços existentes, o distanciamento entre o planejamento e a sua real implementação

Confiabilidade e validade da palidez palmar e de conjuntivas como triagem de anemia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability and the validity of the use of simple clinical signs as a method of anemia detection. METHODS: The study was carried out in a São Paulo, Brazil, day-care center, and included 135 children from ages 3 months-6 years. Hemoglobin level results and palmar and conjunctival pallor assessment were used. Children with Hb under 11g/dl were considered as anemic; subjective criteria were used for the assessment of palmar and conjunctival pallor. Kappa statistics were used in order to verify agreement, and, in order to evaluate the technique's validity, sensitivity and specificity levels were calculated. RESULTS: The results show low levels of agreement. There was a greater level of sensitivity to conjunctival pallor than to palmar pallor. Specificity results may be considered as good. CONCLUSIONS: It is still early to recommend the routine use of this technique. However, it could promote substantial savings if perfected.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a confiabilidade e a validade do uso de sinais clínicos simples de palidez palmar e de conjuntivas, como método para triagem de anemia. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado em uma creche municipal de São Paulo, SP, com 135 crianças >;3 meses

Pseudocolinesterase de bovinos em lactação

Pseudocholinesterase activity was performed in 97 pure line and cross breed cows of the Red and White Holstein, Black and White Holstein and Jersey breeds, with ages ranging from 2 to 14 years. The electrometric determination of serum pseudocholinesterase was processed following the MICHEL technic (1949). A slight difference in pseudocholinesterase activity was found between the Holstein breeds and a more intense difference between these and the Jersey breed. Animals from 2 to 7 years of age showed higher delta pH/h average values than animals of the older group (8 to 14 years). The advance in age is marked by functional alterations, which are able to contrast more easily with the normal physiological behavior of younger organisms. Such fact allowed the admission of a metabolic interference, predominantly anabolic between the young animals and predominantly catabolic between the older ones. The final average were statistically analyzed by a Hierarchical Analysis of Variance.Foi realizado o dosamento da atividade da pseudocolinesterase em 97 vacas puras de origem ou puras por cruza, das raças Holstein vermelha e branca, Holstein preta e branca e Jersey, com idades variando de 2 a 14 anos. A determinação eletrométrica da pseudocolinesterase sérica foi praticada segundo técnica descrita por MICHEL (1949). Observou-se discreta diferença da atividade pseudocolinesterásica entre as raças Holstein e diferença mais evidente para a raça Jersey. Os animais de 2 a 7 anos de idade apresentaram valores médios de delta pH/h mais altos do que os animais de 8 a 14 anos. A idade mais avançada é marcada por alterações funcionais, capazes de contrastar com o comportamento fisiológico normal do organismo jovem. Este fato permitiu-nos admitir a hipótese da interferência metabólica, predominantemente anabólica entre animais mais jovens e, predominantemente catabólica entre os mais idosos. Os resultados alcançados foram submetidos a cálculo estatístico, através de Análise de Variância Hierárquica

Ação da hidroxocobalamina na intoxicação aguda do coelho pelo holocalix balansae, Mich.

The authors poisoned experimentally 15 rabbits by an intravenous administration of an aqueous extract of Holocalix balansae, Mich. The animals were distributed in 3 groups, each one composed by 5 animals. Group A was considered as control, and did not receive any protection by hidroxocobalamin. Group B received 10 mg/Kg of hidroxocobalamin intravenously, 5 minutes after as intravenous injection of an aqueous extract of Holocalix balansae, Mich. (3,0 g/K). Finally, group C received an intravenous dose of hidroxocobalamin (10 mg/Kg) 5 minutes before the intravenous administration of the aqueous extract of Holocalix balansae, Mich. (3,0 g/Kg). The vegetal extract was prepared accordingly with the procedure of SOUZA (1967). The presence of cyanide was confirmed by the qualitative determination of FEIGL (1954). All animals of group A died 10 minutes after the injection of the aqueous extract preceded by marked respiratory alterations. No death was observed among the animals of groups B and C. Alterations of the respiratory frequency were observed in the animals of group B, during the 5 minutes before the administration of hidroxocobalamin. No alterations were observed in the animals of group C. Finally, the authors concluded that the hidroxocobalamin is an ideal substance for the prophylaxis and treatment of cyanidric poisoning by Holocalix balansae, Mich, or any other cyanogenetic plant.Os autores provocaram a intoxicação experimental em 15 coelhos pelo extrato aquoso do Holocalix balansae, Mich., através da administração endovenosa (veia marginal da orelha). Os animais foram distribuídos em 3 grupos, constituídos por 5 animais cada um. O grupo A considerado testemunho, não recebeu nenhuma proteção de hidroxicobalamina. O grupo B, recebeu 10 mg/Kg de hidroxocobalamina endovenosa, 5 minutos após a injeção endovenosa do extrato aquoso de Holocalix balansae, Mich. (3,0 g/Kg). Finalmente, o grupo C recebeu previamente hidroxocobalamina (10mg/Kg) endovenosa, 5 minutos antes da administração endovenosa de Holocalix balansae, Mich. (3.0 g/Kg). O extrato aquoso de Holocalix balansae, Mich. foi preparado de conformidade com a orientação imprimida por SOUZA (1967). A presença de cianeto nas amostras foi confirmada através da determinação qualitativa de FEIGL (1954). Constataram morte de todos os animais do grupo A, 10 minutos após a injeção do extrato aquoso de Holocalix balansae, Mich., precedida por acentuadas alterações da frequência respiratória. Não foi constatada nenhuma morte entre os animais pertencentes aos grupos B e C. Alterações da frequência respiratória foram observadas entre os animais do grupo B, nos 5 minutos que precederam às injeções endovenosas de hidroxocobalamina e após as injeções de extrato aquoso de Holocalix balansae, Mich. Os animais do grupo C não registraram quaisquer alterações em seu comportamento vigiado. Finalmente, concluem ser a hidroxocobalamina a substância ideal na profilaxia e tratamento das intoxicações cianídricas pelo Holocalix balansae, Mich., extensiva às demais plantas cianogenéticas

In situ evaluation of fluoride-, stannous- and polyphosphate-containing solutions against enamel erosion

Objective To evaluate the anti-erosive effect of solutions containing sodium fluoride (F: 225 ppm of fluoride), sodium fluoride + stannous chloride (F + Sn: 225 ppm of fluoride + 800 ppm of stannous), sodium fluoride + stannous chloride + sodium linear polyphosphate (F + Sn + LPP: 225 ppm of fluoride + 800 ppm of stannous + 2% of sodium linear polyphosphate), and deionized water (C: control), using a four-phase, single-blind, crossover in situ clinical trial. Methods In each phase, 12 volunteers wore appliances containing 4 enamel specimens, which were submitted to a 5-day erosion-remineralization phase that consisted of 2 h of salivary pellicle formation with the appliance in situ, followed by 2 min extra-oral immersion in 1% citric acid (pH 2.4), 6x/day, with 90 min of exposure to saliva in situ between the challenges. Treatment with the test solutions was performed extra-orally for 2 min, 2x/day. At the end of the experiment, surface loss (SL, in μm) was evaluated by optical profilometry. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). The surface of additional specimens was evaluated by x-ray diffraction after treatments (n = 3). Results C (mean SL ± standard-deviation: 5.97 ± 1.70) and F (5.36 ± 1.59) showed the highest SL, with no significant difference between them (p > 0.05). F + Sn (2.68 ± 1.62) and F + Sn + LPP (2.10 ± 0.95) did not differ from each other (p > 0.05), but presented lower SL than the other groups (P < 0.05). Apatite and stannous deposits on specimen surfaces were identified in the x-ray analysis for F + Sn and F + Sn + LPP. Conclusions Sodium fluoride solution exhibited no significant anti-erosive effect. The combination between sodium fluoride and stannous chloride reduced enamel erosion, irrespective of the presence of linear sodium polyphosphate. Clinical significance Under highly erosive conditions, sodium fluoride rinse may not be a suitable alternative to prevent enamel erosion. A rinse containing sodium fluoride and stannous chloride was shown to be a better treatment option, which was not further improved by addition of the sodium linear polyphosphate

High-resolution genetic map and QTL analysis of growth-related traits of Hevea brasiliensis cultivated under suboptimal temperature and humidity conditions

Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) cultivation is the main source of natural rubber worldwide and has been extended to areas with suboptimal climates and lengthy drought periods; this transition affects growth and latex production. High-density genetic maps with reliable markers support precise mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL), which can help reveal the complex genome of the species, provide tools to enhance molecular breeding, and shorten the breeding cycle. In this study, QTL mapping of the stem diameter, tree height, and number of whorls was performed for a full-sibling population derived from a GT1 and RRIM701 cross. A total of 225 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 186 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used to construct a base map with 18 linkage groups and to anchor 671 SNPs from genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to produce a very dense linkage map with small intervals between loci. The final map was composed of 1,079 markers, spanned 3,779.7 cM with an average marker density of 3.5 cM, and showed collinearity between markers from previous studies. Significant variation in phenotypic characteristics was found over a 59-month evaluation period with a total of 38 QTLs being identified through a composite interval mapping method. Linkage group 4 showed the greatest number of QTLs (7), with phenotypic explained values varying from 7.67 to 14.07%. Additionally, we estimated segregation patterns, dominance, and additive effects for each QTL. A total of 53 significant effects for stem diameter were observed, and these effects were mostly related to additivity in the GT1 clone. Associating accurate genome assemblies and genetic maps represents a promising strategy for identifying the genetic basis of phenotypic traits in rubber trees. Then, further research can benefit from the QTLs identified herein, providing a better understanding of the key determinant genes associated with growth of Hevea brasiliensis under limiting water conditions

Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by Cochliobolus lunatus

The biotransformation of digitoxigenin (1) by Cochliobolus lunatus was investigated. The biotransformation reaction was carried out in a 4-day process, resulting in the isolation of four products, whose structures were elucidated as 1beta-hydroxydigitoxigenin (2), 7beta-hydroxydigitoxigenin (3), 8beta-hydroxydigitoxigenin (4) and digitoxigenone (5). The production of these derivatives under the employed conditions has never been described so far. This is also the first report on the production of compound 4 by a biotransformation reaction

Directional field-dependence of magnetoimpedance effect on integrated YIG/Pt-stripline system

We investigated the magnetization dynamics through the magnetoimpedance effect in an integrated YIG/Pt-stripline system in the frequency range of 0.5 up to 2.0 GHz. Specifically, we explore the dependence of the dynamic magnetic behavior on the field orientation by analyzing beyond the traditional longitudinal magnetoimpedance effect of the transverse and perpendicular setups. We disclose here the strong dependence of the effective damping parameter on the field orientation, as well as verification of the very-low damping parameter values for the longitudinal and transverse configurations. We find considerable sensitivity results, bringing to light the facilities to integrate ferrimagnetic insulators in current and future technological applications.This research was funded by CNPq grand numbers 304943/2020-7 and 407385/2018-5, Capes grand number 88887.573100/2020-00 and FCT grant number CTTI-31/18-CF(2)

Efficacy of carfentrazone-ethyl and glyphosate mixtures on control of Commelina benghalensis in coffee crop (Coffea arabica)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do herbicida carfentrazone-ethyl em mistura com glyphosate no controle de trapoeraba (Commelina henghafensis) na cultura do café (CojJea arabica). O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda São José, localizada no município de Garça, SP. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: carfentrazone + glyphosate (10+2500, 15+1200, 20+ 1200, 25+ 1200, 30+ 1200, 40+ 1200 e 50+ 1200 g/ha), 2,4-0 (2680 g/ha), glyphosate (1200 g/ha) e uma testemunha sem controle. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições. A combinação de carfentrazone-ethyl com glyphosate foi eficiente no controle de trapoeraba a partir da dose de 75 g/ha. A máxima dose utilizada de carfentrazone-ethyl (125 g/ha) na combinação com glyphosate, provocou total controle de trapoeraba aos 7 dias após os tratamentos. O glyphosate foi mais eficaz no controle das plantas daninhas e provocou dessecação mais rápida. quando foram utilizadas doses crescentes de carfentrazone acima de 25 g/ha (meia dose) comparado com o herbicida glyphosate aplicado isoladamente. Todos os herbicidas testados não apresentaram toxicidade nas folhas de café. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy in control of Commefina benghalensis using mixtures of carfentrazone-ethyl and glyphosate herbicides on the coffee crop. The experiment was carried out in São José Farm, Garça- SP, Brazil. The treatrnents were: postemergence application of carfentrazone-ethyl + glyphosate (10+ 1200, 15+ 1200,20+ 1200, 25+1200,30+1200,40+1200 and 50+1200 g/ha), 2,4-0 (2680 g/ha), glyphosate (1200 g/ha) and an untreated control. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. The carfentrazone-ethyl mixture with glyphosate herbicide was efficient in the control of Commelina benghalensis starting with doses greater than or equal to 30 g/ha. The maximum dose of carfentrazone-ethyl (50 g/ha) mixture and glyphosate herbicides were fully efficient in control of the weed, up to 15 days after application on the coffee crop. The glyphosate herbicide control on the weed species was more efficient, presenting a faster dessication period, when used with increasing doses of carfentrazone herbicide above 25 g/ha, when compared with glyphosate alone. The evaluated herbicides and mixtures did not present toxicity to the coffee leaves.