Two distinct populations of Bovine IL-17+ T-cells can be induced and WC1+IL-17+γδ T-cells are effective killers of protozoan parasites

IL-17 has emerged as a key player in the immune system, exhibiting roles in protection from infectious diseases and promoting inflammation in autoimmunity. Initially thought to be CD4 T-cell-derived, the sources of IL-17 are now known to be varied and belong to both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Mechanisms for inducing IL-17 production in lymphoid cells are thought to rely on appropriate antigenic stimulation in the context of TGF-β1, IL-6 and/or IL-1β. Using culture protocols adapted from human studies, we have effectively induced both bovine CD4+ and WC1+ γδ T-cells to produce IL-17 termed Th17 and γδ17 cells, respectively. The negative regulatory effect of IFN-γ on mouse and human IL-17 production can be extended to the bovine model, as addition of IFN-γ decreases IL-17 production in both cell types. Furthermore we show that infection with the protozoan Neospora caninum will induce fibroblasts to secrete pro-IL-17 factors thereby inducing a γδ17 phenotype that preferentially kills infected target cells. Our study identifies two T-cell sources of IL-17, and is the first to demonstrate a protective effect of IL-17+ T-cells in ruminants. Our findings offer further opportunities for future adjuvants or vaccines which could benefit from inducing these responses

EU:n tietosuoja-asetus 2016/679 (GDPR) ohjelmistoyrityksessä

Insinöörityössä tavoitteena oli tutustua EU:n tietosuoja-asetukseen 2016/679 sekä selvittää, millaisia vaatimuksia se aiheuttaa työn tilanneessa ohjelmistoyrityksessä ja suunnitella ja toteuttaa osa muutostöistä. Työn tavoitteet suunniteltiin yhdessä tilaajayrityksen kanssa. Työn aikana selvitettiin tietosuoja-asetuksen sisältöä ja sitä, miltä osin se kohdistuu yritykseen ja kuinka asetuksen ehdot käytännössä toteutettaisiin. Selvityksen aikana pyrittiin muodostamaan selkeä kuva siitä, missä asetuksen määrittämissä rooleissa yritys toimii ja mitkä niistä muodostuvat vastuut ovat. Pyrittiin myös muodostamaan käsitys yrityksen asiakkaiden tulevista tarpeista, joiden perusteella yrityksen ohjelmistotuote voitaisiin valmistella vastaamaan asetuksen vaatimuksia. Selvityksen perusteella yritykselle tehtiin nykytila-analyysi, jolla pyrittiin dokumentoimaan yrityksen tietoturvakäytännöt ja määrittämään, mitä puutteita yrityksen hallinnollisissa ja teknisissä tietoturva ja -suojakäytännöissä on. Analyysin perusteella priorisoitiin kehitysprojekteja yrityksen toimintatapojen ja ohjelmistotuotteen parantamiseen. Työn tuloksena luotiin uusia ominaisuuksia työn tilaajan ohjelmistotuotteeseen. Näitä olivat rekisteröityjen suostumuksen pyyntö ja tiedotus heidän oikeuksistaan, oikeus tulla unohdetuksi ja tietojen siirto. Lisäksi tarkastettiin ja laajennettiin tilaajayrityksen tietoturvasuunnitelmaa, tietoturvaesitettä ja tietoturvaohjeistusta yrityksen henkilöstölle ja asiakkaille.Aim of this thesis was to get acquainted with EU data protection regulation 2016/679, find out which of its requirements are notable in a software company that ordered the thesis and implement a part of the changes needed. Goals of the thesis were planned together with the company. Contents of the Data protection regulation were studied and a viewed from the roles the company is in as a data controller and a data processor. Company’s clients were studied to predict what requirements they will have for the company’s main software product soon. Based on the theoretical study, a current state analysis was done to document company’s managerial and technical data protection practices and find their flaws. Based on the analysis a few development projects were formed and prioritized especially focusing on the company’s main software product. Thesis’ results were data protection documentation and guidelines for the company’s personnel and clients and software feature implementations which enable data subjects’ rights to be forgotten, to transfer their data and to gather their consent and inform them of their rights

Transcriptional Heterogeneity of IgM⁺ Cells in Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) Tissues

<div><p>Two major classes of B lymphocytes have been described to date in rainbow trout: IgM⁺ and IgT⁺ cells. IgM⁺ cells are mainly localized in the spleen, peripheral blood and kidney but are also found in other tissues. However, differences among IgM⁺ cell populations attending to its location are poorly defined in fish. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the expression of different immune molecules such as chemokine receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and transcription factors on sorted IgM⁺ lymphocytes from different rainbow trout tissues. IgM⁺ populations from blood, spleen, kidney, gills, intestine and liver were isolated by cell sorting and the constitutive levels of transcription of these genes evaluated by real-time PCR. To further characterize B cells, we identified an MS4A sequence. In humans, the MS4A family includes several genes with immune functions, such as the B cell marker CD20 or FcRβ. Subsequently, we have also evaluated the mRNA levels of this MS4A gene in the different IgM⁺ populations. The relevant differences in transcriptional patterns observed for each of these IgM⁺ populations analyzed, point to the presence of functionally different tissue-specific B cell populations in rainbow trout. The data shown provides a pattern of genes transcribed in IgM⁺ B cells not previously revealed in teleost fish. Furthermore, the constitutive expression of all the TLR genes analyzed in IgM⁺ cells suggests an important role for these cells in innate immunity.</p> </div