383 research outputs found
Zone clearance in an infinite TASEP with a step initial condition
The TASEP is a paradigmatic model of out-of-equilibrium statistical physics,
for which many quantities have been computed, either exactly or by approximate
methods. In this work we study two new kinds of observables that have some
relevance in biological or traffic models. They represent the probability for a
given clearance zone of the lattice to be empty (for the first time) at a given
time, starting from a step density profile. Exact expressions are obtained for
single-time quantities, while more involved history-dependent observables are
studied by Monte Carlo simulation, and partially predicted by a
phenomenological approach
Two dimensional outflows for cellular automata with shuffle updates
In this paper, we explore the two-dimensional behavior of cellular automata
with shuffle updates. As a test case, we consider the evacuation of a square
room by pedestrians modeled by a cellular automaton model with a static floor
field. Shuffle updates are characterized by a variable associated to each
particle and called phase, that can be interpreted as the phase in the step
cycle in the frame of pedestrian flows. Here we also introduce a dynamics for
these phases, in order to modify the properties of the model. We investigate in
particular the crossover between low- and high-density regimes that occurs when
the density of pedestrians increases, the dependency of the outflow in the
strength of the floor field, and the shape of the queue in front of the exit.
Eventually we discuss the relevance of these results for pedestrians.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures. v2: 16 pages, 5 figures; changed the title,
abstract and structure of the paper. v3: minor change
Properties of pedestrians walking in line - Fundamental diagrams
We present experimental results obtained for a one-dimensional flow using
high precision motion capture. The full pedestrians' trajectories are obtained.
In this paper, we focus on the fundamental diagram, and on the relation between
the instantaneous velocity and spatial headway (distance to the predecessor).
While the latter was found to be linear in previous experiments, we show that
it is rather a piecewise linear behavior which is found if larger density
ranges are covered. Indeed, our data clearly exhibits three distinct regimes in
the behavior of pedestrians that follow each other. The transitions between
these regimes occur at spatial headways of about 1.1 and 3 m, respectively.
This finding could be useful for future modeling.Comment: 9 figures, 3 table
Flexible fiber batteries for applications in smart textiles
Here we discuss two alternative approaches for building flexible batteries
for applications in smart textiles. The first approach uses well-studied
inorganic electrochemistry (Al-NaOCl galvanic cell) and innovative packaging in
order to produce batteries in a slender and flexible fiber form that can be
further weaved directly into the textiles. During fabrication process the
battery electrodes are co-drawn within a microstructured polymer fiber, which
is later filled with liquid electrolyte. The second approach describes Li-ion
chemistry within solid polymer electrolytes that are used to build a fully
solid and soft rechargeable battery that can be furthermore stitched onto a
textile, or integrated as stripes during weaving process
Properties of pedestrians walking in line: Stepping behavior
In human crowds, interactions among individuals give rise to a variety of
self-organized collective motions that help the group to effectively solve the
problem of coordination. However, it is still not known exactly how humans
adjust their behavior locally, nor what are the direct consequences on the
emergent organization. One of the underlying mechanisms of adjusting individual
motions is the stepping dynamics. In this paper, we present first quantitative
analysis on the stepping behavior in a one-dimensional pedestrian flow studied
under controlled laboratory conditions. We find that the step length is
proportional to the velocity of the pedestrian, and is directly related to the
space available in front of him, while the variations of the step duration are
much smaller. This is in contrast with locomotion studies performed on isolated
pedestrians and shows that the local density has a direct influence on the
stepping characteristics. Furthermore, we study the phenomena of
synchronization -walking in lockstep- and show its dependence on flow
densities. We show that the synchronization of steps is particularly important
at high densities, which has direct impact on the studies of optimizing
pedestrians flow in congested situations. However, small synchronization and
antisynchronization effects are found also at very low densities, for which no
steric constraints exist between successive pedestrians, showing the natural
tendency to synchronize according to perceived visual signals.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
Properties of pedestrians walking in line without density constraint
This article deals with the study of pedestrian behaviour in one-dimensional
traffic situations. We asked participants to walk either in a straight line
with a fast or slow leader, or to form a circle, without ever forcing the
conditions of density. While the observed density results from individual
decisions in the line case, both density and velocity have to be collectively
chosen in the case of circle formation. In the latter case, interestingly, one
finds that the resulting velocity is very stable among realizations, as if
collective decision was playing the role of an average. In the line experiment,
though participants could choose comfortable headways, they rather stick to
short headways requiring a faster adaption - a fact that could come from a
``social pressure from behind''. For flows close to the jamming transition, the
same operating point is chosen as in previous experiments where it was not
velocity but density that was imposed. All these results show that the walking
values preferred by humans in following tasks depend on more factors than
previously considered.Comment: Main paper (11 pages, 13 figures) + Suppl. Mat. (8 pages, 9 figures
Etude statistique des chemins de premier retour aux nombres de Knudsen intermédiaires : De la simulation par méthode de Monte Carlo à l'utilisation de l'approximation de diffusion
En présence de diffusions multiples, les algorithmes de Monte-Carlo sont trop coûteux pour être employés dans les algorithmes de reconstruction d'images de géométries tridimensionnelles réalistes. Pour des trajectoires de premiers retours, l'approximation de diffusion est communément employée afin de représenter la statistique des chemins aux nombres de Knudsen tendant vers zéro. En formulant des problèmes équivalents sur des trajectoires de premiers passages, l'usage de l'approximation est étendue en un développement théorique. Cette nouvelle formulation assure un bon niveau de précision, sur une large plage de valeurs du nombre de Knudsen en ce qui concerne l'évaluation des moments de la distribution des longueurs des chemins de premier retour. La résolution numérique du modèle formulé est confrontée aux simulations numériques type Monte- Carlo sur des géométries mono-dimensionnelles et un cas tridimensionel ouvrant des perspectives vers une généralisation aux applications réelles. ABSTRACT : For multiple scattering, Monte-Carlo algorithms are computationally too demanding for use in image reconstruction of 3D realistic geometries. In the study of first return path, the diffusion approximation is commonly used to represent their statistical behaviour when the Knudsen number tends to zero. With the formulation of equivalent problems for first passage path, the use of the approximation is extended in a theoretical development. The new model provides a good level of accuracy, for a wide distribution of Knudsen numbers when evaluating the moments distribution of the first return paths length. Numerical application of the model is confronted to Monte-Carlo simulations on one dimension geometries and a simple three-dimension case opening perspectives for the generalization to practical applications
Vision-based macroscopic pedestrian models
International audienceWe propose a hierarchy of kinetic and macroscopic models for a system consisting of a large number of interacting pedestrians. The basic interaction rules are derived from earlier work where the dangerousness level of an interaction with another pedestrian is measured in terms of the derivative of the bearing angle (angle between the walking direction and the line connecting the two subjects) and of the time-to-interaction (time before reaching the closest distance between the two subjects). A mean-field kinetic model is derived. Then, three different macroscopic continuum models are proposed. The first two ones rely on two different closure assumptions of the kinetic model, respectively based on a monokinetic and a von Mises-Fisher distribution. The third one is derived through a hydrodynamic limit. In each case, we discuss the relevance of the model for practical simulations of pedestrian crowds
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