11 research outputs found

    Remote Sensing of Large-Scale Areas at the Urban Sites of the Mongolian Orkhon Valley Using Low-Cost Drones. Preliminary Results and Some Thoughts on the Urban Layout of the Uyghur Capital Qara Balǧasun

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    Im Jahr 2018 fĂŒhrte die Mongolisch-Deutsche Orchon-Expedition (Mongolische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mongolische NationaluniversitĂ€t, Deutsches ArchĂ€ologisches Institut) in Zusammenarbeit mit Archaeocopter (Hochschule fĂŒr Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden, Freie UniversitĂ€t Berlin) großflĂ€chige GelĂ€ndeaufnahmen an der Uighurischen Hauptstadt Karabalgasun und der altmongolischen Hauptstadt Karakorum durch. Insbesondere die enorme GrĂ¶ĂŸe der StadtwĂŒstung Karabalgasun ist eine Herausforderung fĂŒr die archĂ€ologische Erforschung. Die nicht bebaute und vegetationsarme mongolische Steppe bietet hervorragende Voraussetzungen fĂŒr bildgestĂŒtzte Fernerkundungsmethoden. Mit handelsĂŒblichen, relativ kostengĂŒnstigen UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) wurden beide Stadtruinen systematisch mit tausenden ĂŒberlappenden Luftbildern erfasst. Durch photogrammetrische Methoden wurden aus den Bildern Orthofotos und digitale GelĂ€ndemodelle erstellt. Diese ermöglichen es, selbst kleinste Reste von Bebauung zu erkennen. Auf diese Weise wurde erstmals ein vollstĂ€ndiger Stadtplan von Karabalgasun erstellt. Der Plan erbringt neue Erkenntnisse zu der Uighurischen Stadt. Die von der Stadt eingenommene FlĂ€che betrĂ€gt demnach etwa 44 kmÂČ. DarĂŒber hinaus erlaubt der neue Stadtplan ein besseres VerstĂ€ndnis der Raumordnungsprinzipien, die der Stadt zugrunde liegen. Entgegen frĂŒherer Theorien, die primĂ€r iranisch-sogdische oder chinesische Stadtplanungsprinzipien am Werk sahen, folgt die Anlage von Qara Balǧasun genuin nomadischen Vorstellungen. Sie ist somit ein verfestigtes Lager und damit Beispiel einer eigenstĂ€ndigen UrbanitĂ€t, die aus den Traditionen der Steppe erwĂ€chst.In 2018 the Mongolian-German Orchon-Expedition (Mongolian Academy of Sciences, National University of Mongolia, German Archaeological Institute) together with Archaeocopter (Hochschule fĂŒr Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden, Freie UniversitĂ€t Berlin) conducted large-scale surveys at the sites of the Uyghur capital Qara Balǧasun and the ancient Mongol capital of Qara Qorum. Especially the enormous size of the site of Qara Balǧasun poses a challenge for archaeological research. The unbuilt and sparsely vegetated Mongolian steppe provides ideal preconditions for image-based remote sensing methods. With off-the-shelf, relatively low-cost UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) both sites have been surveyed with thousands of overlapping aerial images. Otho-images and digital elevation models have been generated by photogrammetric methods. The results enable the distinguishing of even faintest remains of ancient constructions. For the first time a complete map of the remains of Qara Balǧasun has been achieved. This map delivers new insights concerning the Uyghur city. The area occupied by the city amounts to 44 kmÂČ. Furthermore the new map allows a better understanding of the principles of spatial order on which the city is based. While former theories assumed Iranian-Sogdian or Chinese models of city planning, it seems now, that the layout of Qara Balǧasun follows more native nomadic principles. The city is the encampment of a nomad ruler made permanent by the erection of buildings and thus an instance of a genuine steppe-nomadic kind of urbanity

    A Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus from an Uyghur well in Karabalgasun (Ordu-Baliq), Central Mongolia

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    A partial skeleton of a female Gyrfalcon, dated at 1044–1214 AD, was excavated in an abandoned well in Karabalgasun, Central Mongolia. Karabalgasun lies in the Orkhon Valley, a landscape of special symbolic, political and spiritual significance in the age of the Turk, Uyghur and Mongol empires. The falcon was interred during the reign of the Khitan (Liao) dynasty. The vertebral ribs show healed fractures, a sign that the bird was nursed in captivity. For falconry was an important element at the imperial court, the presence of the Gyrfalcon indicates the importance of the Orkhon Valley as a place of annual hunting rituals and as a sacred landscape during the reign of the Liao dynasty. The lack of wings, tail and clawed feet of the falcon carcass points towards a post-mortem decorative or ritual use of these body parts. Since Gyrfalcons do not naturally occur in Mongolia, this individual bird may have been a particular symbol of status.FOLG

    New insights from old bones: DNA preservation and degradation in permafrost preserved mammoth remains

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    Despite being plagued by heavily degraded DNA in palaeontological remains, most studies addressing the state of DNA degradation have been limited to types of damage which do not pose a hindrance to Taq polymerase during PCR. Application of serial qPCR to the two fractions obtained during extraction (demineralization and protein digest) from six permafrost mammoth bones and one partially degraded modern elephant bone has enabled further insight into the changes which endogenous DNA is subjected to during diagenesis. We show here that both fractions exhibit individual qualities in terms of the prevailing type of DNA (i.e. mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA) as well as the extent of damage, and in addition observed a highly variable ratio of mitochondrial to nuclear DNA among the six mammoth samples. While there is evidence suggesting that mitochondrial DNA is better preserved than nuclear DNA in ancient permafrost samples, we find the initial DNA concentration in the bone tissue to be as relevant for the total accessible mitochondrial DNA as the extent of DNA degradation post-mortem. We also evaluate the general applicability of indirect measures of preservation such as amino-acid racemization, bone crystallinity index and thermal age to these exceptionally well-preserved samples

    The Northern District of Qara Qorum: Archaeological Traces of the Church of the East and Intercultural Communication in the Ancient Mongol Capital City

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    Im 13. Jahrhundert errichteten die Herrscher des aufstrebenden Mongolenreiches eine Stadt und einen Palast im Tal des Flusses Orchon. Ihre Ruinen befinden sich am Fuß des Changaj-Gebirges im Zentrum des heutigen Mongolischen Staates. Die Stadt war das Zentrum eines globalen, multiethnischen und multireligiösen Imperiums. So wurde sie ein Treffpunkt fĂŒr Menschen unterschiedlicher kultureller HintergrĂŒnde. Neben den mongolischen GrĂŒndern und Herren der Stadt kamen hier angehörige verschiedener Turkvölker, Chinesen, Koreaner, Iraner, Russen, Armenier und auch einige WesteuropĂ€er zusammen. Dieser Vielfalt auch eine umfassende schriftliche Überlieferung zu verdanken. DarĂŒber hinaus konnte bereits im 19. Jahrhundert die StadtwĂŒstung der mittelalterlichen Stadt Karakorum lokalisiert werden. Sie ist seitdem Gegenstand archĂ€ologischer Forschung. Die herausragende Quellenlage erlaubt es, sich Fragen nach Kulturtransfer und interkultureller Kommunikation im Mongolenreich aus der Perspektive der historischen ArchĂ€ologie zu nĂ€hern, welche die Schriftquellen wie auch die archĂ€ologische Überlieferung berĂŒcksichtigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine Fallstudie, die detailliert die Ausgrabung einer bemerkenswerten Baugruppe im Norden der Stadt untersucht. Im Lauf der Arbeit werden Befunde und Funde vorgestellt, auf ihre Aussagekraft fĂŒr Fragen zum kulturellen Austausch im mittelalterlichen Mongolenreich untersucht und in Beziehung zur vielfĂ€ltigen schriftlichen Überlieferung gesetzt. DarĂŒber hinaus werden anhand der verschiedenen, innerhalb des Mongolenreiches wirksamen Architekturtraditionen RekonstruktionsvorschlĂ€ge fĂŒr die ausgegrabenen GebĂ€ude erarbeitet. Es wird eine Interpretation der GebĂ€ude als eine, auch in der schriftlichen Überlieferung erwĂ€hnte, christliche Kirche diskutiert. Zuletzt erörtert die Arbeit die Funktionen der Stadt Karakorum fĂŒr das Mongolenreich insbesondere als Kommunikationsmedium zwischen nomadischer Elite und sesshaften Untertanen des Reiches.In the 13th century, the rulers of the ascending Mongol Empire built a palace and a city in the valley of the river Orkhon. Its ruins are to be found at the foothils of the Khangaj mountains in the heart of what is today the Mongolian State. The city was the centre of a global, multiethnic and multireligious empire. It became a melting pot for pople of diverse cultural backgrounds. Despite the Mongol masters of the city, Turkic, Chinese, Korean, Iranian, Russian, Armenian and also some Western Europeans amongst others gathered here. Due to this diversity, a wide range of written sources is available for the study of the citys history. Its site has been identified in the 19th century already. Since then it was subject of archaeological research. The availability of a wide spectrum of written and archaeological records allows to discuss questions of cultural contact and intercultural communication from the perspective of a historical archaeology, employing both the written and the archaeological record. The present work is a case study, which analyses the excavated remains of a remarkable building complex in the northern district of Qara Qorum. In the course of the thesis, the excavated features and artefacts are presented, their informative value for issues of cultural contact within the Mongol Empire is explored and they are correlated with the written record. Furthermore, reconstructions of the excavated buildings are developed on the basis of architectural traditions, which where effective within the Mongol Empire. An interpretation of the buildings as a christian Church, also mentioned in the written record, is discussed. Finally the function and meaning of the city as a medium of communication between a nomad elite and their sedentary subjects is considered

    Aktuelle Ergebnisse der archÀologischen Forschungen in den spÀtnomadischen Stadtanlagen Karabalgasun und Karakorum im mongolischen Orchontal

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    Seit dem Jahr 2000 erforscht das Deutsche ArchĂ€ologische Institut im mongolischen Orchontal die Entwicklung spĂ€tnomadischer StadtgrĂŒndungen an den Beispielen der altuigurischen Hauptstadt Karabalgasun und der altmongolischen Hauptstadt Karakorum.In den Jahren 2014 und 2015 wurde die Erforschung der Zitadelle der Palast- oder Tempelstadt in Karabalgasun im Rahmen der Mongolisch-Deutschen Orchon-Expedition in Kooperation mit der Mongolischen NationaluniversitĂ€t und dem Institut fĂŒr Geschichte und ArchĂ€ologie der Mongolischen Akademie der Wissenschaften fortgesetzt. Ermöglicht wurde das Projekt auch durch die großzĂŒgige finanzielle UnterstĂŒtzung der Gerda Henkel-Stiftung. Nach Beendigung der archĂ€ologischen Vorarbeiten wurde mit der Umsetzung der weiteren Maßnahmen im Bereich der „Großen Halle“ begonnen. Diese beinhalteten die Erstellung der umgebenden, zwei Meter hohen Podiumsmauer zur Sicherung des mittelalterlichen GebĂ€udepodiums aus Stampflehmschichten. Der Artikel wird zeitnah als PDF verfĂŒgbar sein

    Karabalgasun, Mongolei. Die Ausgrabungen im Bereich der Zitadelle der alten uighurischen Hauptstadt. Die Arbeiten der Jahre 2015 bis 2017

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    Since 2013, the Mongolian-German Orchon-Expedition has been conducting research on the architectural structures of the citadel of the old Uighur capi­tal Karabalgasun (8th/9th c. AD), located in the Mongolian Orchon valley. Over the years, large parts of the building could be recorded. The artificially constructed podium, 10 m in height, was accessible through two gateways that lead into a large, paved courtyard surrounded by smaller buildings and a major, tower-like building whose remains were found in the southeastern corner. A well, more than 10 m in depth, had been preserved in the center of the courtyard. Artifacts like fragments of jade books, processed granite capitals, gilded metal objects and a bronze bell testify to the importance of the citadel as the seat of power of the former Uighur capital

    Molecular analysis of a 11 700-year-old rodent midden from the Atacama Desert, Chile

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    DNA was extracted from an 11 700-year-old rodent midden from the Atacama Desert, Chile and the chloroplast and animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene sequences were analysed to investigate the floral environment surrounding the midden, and the identity of the midden agent. The plant sequences, together with the macroscopic identifications, suggest the presence of 13 plant families and three orders that no longer exist today at the midden locality, and thus point to a much more diverse and humid climate 11 700 years ago. The mtDNA sequences suggest the presence of at least four different vertebrates, which have been putatively identified as a camelid (vicuna), two rodents (Phyllotis and Abrocoma ), and a cardinal bird (Passeriformes). To identify the midden agent, DNA was extracted from pooled faecal pellets, three small overlapping fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were ampli-fied and multiple clones were sequenced. These results were analysed along with com-plete cytochrome b sequences for several modern Phyllotis species to place the midden sequence phylogenetically. The results identified the midden agent as belonging to an ancestral P. limatus. Today, P. limatus is not found at the midden locality but it can be found 100 km to the north, indicating at least a small range shift. The more extensive sampling of modern Phyllotis reinforces the suggestion that P. limatus is recently derived from a peripheral isolate
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