A memória e a execução musical

Resumo: O presente artigo discute a memória e a execução musical, focalizando na função das associações em cadeia e do conteúdo endereçável. Duas áreas da literatura sobre a memória episódica são particularmente relevantes para esta discussão: tradições orais e memória expert. Nas tradições orais, materiais como rimas infantis e canções folclóricas são transmitidas de uma geração para a próxima sem o benefício de registros escritos, e isso ocorre por séculos. A memória expert resulta de anos de treinamento e do uso efetivo de esquemas de recuperação para que suas memórias contenham elementos de conteúdo endereçável e assim as informações tornem-se disponíveis quando necessário. A teoria da memória expert de Anders Ericsson é utilizada para explicar como intérpretes experientes memorizam, em oposição à ideia de simplesmente aprender uma nova obra musical. Palavras-chave: memória, memória de músicos profissionais, execução musical, preparação, guias de execução

Estratégias de recuperação da memória na execução musical: aprendendo Clair de Lune

Resumo: Como um intérprete experiente memoriza com rapidez uma nova peça em apenas algumas horas de estudo? Em busca de respostas, gravamos as sessões de estudo de uma pianista profissional, durante seu aprendizado de Clair de Lune de Claude Debussy. Ela também nos forneceu relatórios detalhados sobre a estrutura formal da peça e sobre os guias de execução utilizados ao longo do aprendizado, bem como outras decisões técnicas e interpretativas. Estes relatórios foram utilizados para determinar os aspectos aos quais ela prestou atenção durante as sessões de estudo e os pontos em que ela teve problemas com a recuperação da memória. O treino das recuperações consistiu em uma das principais atividades, ao longo das quase cinco horas despendidas para que a obra pudesse ser executada de memória. A pianista tentou tocar de memória desde o início do aprendizado, utilizou a estrutura musical para organizar seu estudo e trabalhou com os guias de execução para acelerar a recuperação a partir da memória de longo prazo. Portanto, os intérpretes praticam estratégias de recuperação, mesmo quando o tempo disponível é limitado. Palavras-chave: memória, memória de músicos profissionais, execução musical, preparação, guias de execução

A Case of Mistaken Antonymy

Antonyms are two words that are opposed on a dimension of denotative meaning. Unlike the concept of synonymity, which dates back to Aristotle, the concept of antonymy is of recent origin -- the Webster\u27s New Dictionary of Synonyms dates the first use of the term to 1867. Since the term was coined, people have accepted the concept and have felt quite capable of recognizing or generating antonyms. However, little thought has been given to opposites which resemble antonymy but are clearly not antonyms. These words, called pseudoantonyms, appear to be antonyms at first glance but closer inspection shows that they are not

Practicing perfection: How concert soloists prepare for performance

Musical performances by concert soloists in the Western classical tradition are normally memorized but there is little agreement between musicians about how this is done. To find out, we have studied concert soloists preparing new works for public performance. The musicians’ reports about their musical decisions provide the key to understanding what they are doing in practice. Practice, in turn, provides a window into what the musicians are thinking about as they perform. Combining musicians’ subjective reports with the objective record of what they do in practice and performance provides insight into how musicians memorize. Performers have a mental map of the piece in mind as they perform that tells them where they are and what comes next — a series of landmarks, hierarchically organized by the sections and subsections of the music. The musician attends to these performance cues in order to ensure that the performance unfolds as planned. Performance cues are established by thinking about a particular feature of the music during practice so that it later comes to mind automatically. Performance cues help the soloist consciously monitor and control the rapid, automatic actions of playing, while adjusting to the needs of the moment

Different roles for prepared and spontaneous thoughts: A practice-based study of musical performance from memory

Background in music performance. During musical performance, experienced soloists have a mental map of the music in mind. Landmarks in this map remind them of where they are and what to do next. Background in music psychology. These performance cues (PCs) are prepared during practice so that they come to mind automatically, ensuring that the performance unfolds as planned. Aims. Do musicians use the same PCs in each performance? What other thoughts do they have during performance? Main contribution. To answer these questions, a singer (the first author) reported the thoughts she had as she practised Arnold Schoenberg’s two Songs, Op. 14 (1907-1908), and then again as she performed the songs in a public concert. Seventeen months later, she reconstructed the songs from memory, then performed them and reported her thoughts again. Comparison of the three sets of reports showed that slightly more than half of her thoughts in each of the two performances were PCs, i.e., had occurred during practice, and slightly less than half were spontaneous, new thoughts about the music or performance. The PCs were more stable over time: 17 (25%) occurred in both performances compared to only three (4%) of the spontaneous thoughts. Both PCs and spontaneous thoughts reflected the singer’s current concerns, but in different ways. When the singer performed the songs again after the reconstruction, her thoughts were shaped by the memory problems that she had experienced during the reconstruction that preceded the performance. She thought about the PCs that she had needed to stop at and about the new locations that she had just used as starting places. Implications. PCs are prepared during practice to provide the mental landmarks needed for a secure performance while spontaneous thoughts reflect more transitory experiences and insights

Fully coupled photochemistry of the deuterated ionosphere of Mars and its effects on escape of H and D

Although deuterium (D) on Mars has received substantial attention, the deuterated ionosphere remains relatively unstudied. This means that we also know very little about non-thermal D escape from Mars, since it is primarily driven by excess energy imparted to atoms produced in ion-neutral reactions. Most D escape from Mars is expected to be non-thermal, highlighting a gap in our understanding of water loss from Mars. In this work, we set out to fill this knowledge gap. To accomplish our goals, we use an upgraded 1D photochemical model that fully couples ions and neutrals and does not assume photochemical equilibrium. To our knowledge, such a model has not been applied to Mars previously. We model the atmosphere during solar minimum, mean, and maximum, and find that the deuterated ionosphere behaves similarly to the H-bearing ionosphere, but that non-thermal escape on the order of 8000-9000 cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ dominates atomic D loss under all solar conditions. The total fractionation factor, $f$, is $f=0.04$--0.07, and integrated water loss is 147--158 m GEL. This is still less than geomorphological estimates. Deuterated ions at Mars are likely difficult to measure with current techniques due to low densities and mass degeneracies with more abundant H ions. Future missions wishing to measure the deuterated ionosphere in situ will need to develop innovative techniques to do so.Comment: 37 pages, 8 figures, published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Planet

The Promise and Perils of Wearable Sensors in Organizational Research

Rapid advances in mobile computing technology have the potential to revolutionize organizational research by facilitating new methods of data collection. The emergence of wearable electronic sensors in particular harbors the promise of making the large-scale collection of high-resolution data related to human interactions and social behavior economically viable. Popular press and practitioner-oriented research outlets have begun to tout the game-changing potential of wearable sensors for both researchers and practitioners. We systematically examine the utility of current wearable sensor technology for capturing behavioral constructs at the individual and team levels. In the process, we provide a model for performing validation work in this new domain of measurement. Our findings highlight the need for organizational researchers to take an active role in the development of wearable sensor systems to ensure that the measures derived from these devices and sensors allow us to leverage and extend the extant knowledge base. We also offer a caution regarding the potential sources of error arising from wearable sensors in behavioral research

Comparing different definitions of prediabetes with subsequent risk of diabetes: an individual participant data meta-analysis involving 76 513 individuals and 8208 cases of incident diabetes

Objective: There are currently five widely used definition of prediabetes. We compared the ability of these to predict 5-year conversion to diabetes and investigated whether there were other cut-points identifying risk of progression to diabetes that may be more useful. Research design and methods: We conducted an individual participant meta-analysis using longitudinal data included in the Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Collaboration. Cox regression models were used to obtain study-specific HRs for incident diabetes associated with each prediabetes definition. Harrell's C-statistics were used to estimate how well each prediabetes definition discriminated 5-year risk of diabetes. Spline and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses were used to identify alternative cut-points. Results: Sixteen studies, with 76 513 participants and 8208 incident diabetes cases, were available. Compared with normoglycemia, current prediabetes definitions were associated with four to eight times higher diabetes risk (HRs (95% CIs): 3.78 (3.11 to 4.60) to 8.36 (4.88 to 14.33)) and all definitions discriminated 5-year diabetes risk with good accuracy (C-statistics 0.79-0.81). Cut-points identified through spline analysis were fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 5.1 mmol/L and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 5.0% (31 mmol/mol) and cut-points identified through ROC analysis were FPG 5.6 mmol/L, 2-hour postload glucose 7.0 mmol/L and HbA1c 5.6% (38 mmol/mol). Conclusions: In terms of identifying individuals at greatest risk of developing diabetes within 5 years, using prediabetes definitions that have lower values produced non-significant gain. Therefore, deciding which definition to use will ultimately depend on the goal for identifying individuals at risk of diabetes.This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (grant number 1103242). The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study has been funded in whole or in part with Federal funds from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under contract nos. HHSN268201700001I, HHSN268201700002I, HHSN268201700003I, HHSN268201700005I, HHSN268201700004I. ES was supported by NIH/NIDDK grant K24DK106414. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) is supported by contracts HHSN2682018000031, HHSN2682018000041, HHSN2682018000051, HHSN2682018000061 and HHSN2682018000071 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) is supported and conducted in collaboration with Jackson State University (HHSN268201800013I), Tougaloo College (HHSN268201800014I), the Mississippi State Department of Health (HHSN268201800015I) and the University of Mississippi Medical Center (HHSN268201800010I, HHSN268201800011I and HHSN268201800012I) contracts from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the National Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD). The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further augmented by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council grants 209057, 396414 and 1074383 and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis was supported by contracts HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168 and N01-HC-95169 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and by grants UL1-TR-000040 and UL1-TR-001079 from NCRR. The Population Study of Women in Gothenburg (PSWG) was financed in part by grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF-agreement ALFGBG-720201. VIVA Study received grants 95/0029 and 06/90270 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.S

Loss and damage livelihood resilience

Climate change Loss and Damage has emerged as a key challenge of the 21st century. This Policy Brief first frames the challenge and then introduces the Resilience Academy, highlighting 5 key insights that both feed the debate and inform action. Finally, it provides 5 recommendations to the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM ExCom) for its 5-year work plan