Determination of fats, oils and greases in food service establishment wastewater using a modification of the Gerber Method

Discharges from food service establishments (FSEs) are a major source of fat, oil and grease (FOG) which cause blockages in sewer networks. Previous research has identified that current methods are unsuitable for quantifying FOG in FSE wastewater owing to interference from surfactants in detergents, and protein from food residuals which emulsify FOG. A novel quantification method, based on the dairy industry Gerber method, has been developed which negates the impact of surfactants. Moreover, the method allows free and emulsified oil to be quantified separately providing greater insight into FOG management strategies. Trials in synthetic and real FSE wastewaters indicate the novel method is more reliable than standard liquid–liquid and solid phase extraction in FOG‐rich systems

Smoking as a Risk Factor for Surgical Site Complications in Implant-Based Breast Surgery

Background Smoking is a cause of many postoperative complications, including delayed wound healing, tissue necrosis, and reconstructive flap loss. However, there is a paucity of evidence-based guidelines for smoking cessation in patients undergoing implant-based breast surgery. Objective The objective of this study was to determine if smoking is associated with wound dehiscence or superficial/deep surgical site infection (SSI) in women undergoing implant-based breast surgery. Methods Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, data was obtained of U.S. adult females (n=10,077) between the ages of 18 and 70 who underwent insertion of a breast prosthesis from 2014 to 2016. The patient's preoperative smoking status, demographics, and comorbidities were analyzed to determine association with wound dehiscence, superficial SSI, and deep SSI. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results Patients who smoked had a statistically significant higher proportion of wound complications (2.4%) compared to non-smokers (1.3%; p Conclusions Our study suggests that smoking is an independent risk factor for postoperative complications in patients undergoing implant-based breast surgery. These results have significant clinical implications, as increased precautions can be taken in smokers undergoing breast surgery to minimize postoperative wound complications. Future studies may determine the optimal amount of time that patients should abstain from smoking prior to implant-based breast surgery.Peer reviewe

Smoking as a Risk Factor for Surgical Site Complications in Implant-Based Breast Surgery

Background Smoking is a cause of many postoperative complications, including delayed wound healing, tissue necrosis, and reconstructive flap loss. However, there is a paucity of evidence-based guidelines for smoking cessation in patients undergoing implant-based breast surgery. Objective The objective of this study was to determine if smoking is associated with wound dehiscence or superficial/deep surgical site infection (SSI) in women undergoing implant-based breast surgery. Methods Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, data was obtained of U.S. adult females (n=10,077) between the ages of 18 and 70 who underwent insertion of a breast prosthesis from 2014 to 2016. The patient's preoperative smoking status, demographics, and comorbidities were analyzed to determine association with wound dehiscence, superficial SSI, and deep SSI. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results Patients who smoked had a statistically significant higher proportion of wound complications (2.4%) compared to non-smokers (1.3%; p Conclusions Our study suggests that smoking is an independent risk factor for postoperative complications in patients undergoing implant-based breast surgery. These results have significant clinical implications, as increased precautions can be taken in smokers undergoing breast surgery to minimize postoperative wound complications. Future studies may determine the optimal amount of time that patients should abstain from smoking prior to implant-based breast surgery.Peer reviewe

The association between social determinants of health and self-reported diabetic retinopathy: An exploratory analysis

One-third of Americans with diabetes will develop diabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading cause of blindness in working-age Americans. Social determinants of health (SDOHs) are conditions in a person’s environment that may impact health. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between SDOHs and DR in patients with type II diabetes. This cross-section study used data from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). This study included people with self-reported diabetes in the US in 2018 (n = 60,703). Exposure variables included homeownership, marital status, income, health care coverage, completed level of educa-tion, and urban vs. rural environment. The outcome variable was DR. Logistic regression analysis were applied to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Alaskan Native/Na-tive American (OR 2.11; 95% CI: 1.14–3.90), out of work (OR 2.82; 95% CI: 1.62–4.92), unable to work (OR 2.14; 95% CI: 1.57–2.91), did not graduate high school (OR 1.91; 95% CI: 1.30–2.79), only gradu-ated high school (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.08–1.97), or only attended college or technical school without graduating (OR 1.42; 95% CI: 1.09–1.86) were SDOHs associated with DR in patients with diabetes. Health care providers should identify these possible SDOHs affecting their diabetic patients

Degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca e proteína bruta das silagens de seis genótipos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) em diferentes estádios de maturação.

In order to evaluate the in situ degradability of the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of silages of six sorghum genotypes in different stages of maturation, four fistulated crossbred Holstein-Zebu steers, fed with grass hay ad libitum, were utilized. The silage samples were dried and milled at 5 mm screen and 5 g of each sample was placed in 12x18 cm nylon bags with a 50 micro m porous size, and were introduced into the fistulas. After incubation (6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h), the nylon bags were removed, the samples from the same genotype, animal and time of incubation were transformed in a homogenous pool and milled at 1 mm screen, and stored for further analysis of DM and CP. It used the split-split plot design in which the parcels contained the silages of the different genotypes. In this study, there were differences in DM and CP disappearance of the sorghum silages, although these cannot be attributed to the percentage of grains in the different genotypes. The age of the plant influenced the effective degradability of digestible fractions, benefiting early stages.

Health care costs of copd in Colombia

Describe the average age of sexual life onset from young people and adolescents, the prevalence of contraceptive methods and explore determinants of pregnancy. A retrospective cohort (2014-2018) was followed by a health insurer of the subsidized regime in Colombia. The study sample consisted of 35,214 young people aged 10-24 years living in 21 municipalities of the Colombian Caribbean region. For the social determinants of pregnancy, a multivariate probit model was estimated using as explanatory variables, housing area, education, family functionality and sexual behavior. 10.3% of women and 14.1% of men had their first sexual encounter before age 14 and 43.5% of women and 37.4% of men began their sex life after age 17. From the young people who claimed to have started their sexual life, 70.9% of the men made use of the condom as a contraceptive method, while the women divided on average 27.2% for the pills and / or injections followed by 16 , 1% in the use of the subdermal implant. As determinants of pregnancy in young people under 20, it was found that variables such as suspending school years [Yes (β = 0.6, p = 0.006)], being planned with hormonal method [Yes (β = 0.5, p = 0.000)] or start sexual life [Between 10 to 14 years (β = 0.14, p = 0.000)], increase the likelihood of young women becoming pregnant at some time in their life. These results also showed that the schooling of the young [University (β = -0.4, p = 0.038)] and always use condoms in sexual intercourse [Yes (β = -0.5, p = 0.042)] help prevent the pregnancy event from occurring. The age of sexual onset establishes a basis on which decision makers should intervene for promote a safe sex life, from use of anticonceptives in young people and thus avoiding unplanned pregnancy

Degradabilidade in situ da fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido das silagens de seis genótipos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), com e sem tanino no grão, ensilados no estádio de grão farináceo.

Este experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o valor nutricional (fibra detergente neutro e fibra detergente acido) de seis genotipos de sorgo para silagem, com e sem tanino no grao, colhidos no estadio de grao farinaceo, utilizando a tecnica da degradabilidade "in situ". Seis silagens de genotipos de sorgo foram utilizadas: BR 303, BR 304, BR 601 e AG 2006 (sem tanino no grao) e BR 700 e R 701 (com tanino no grao). Quatro bovinos machos, canulados no rumen foram utilizados. Os tempos de incubacao foram: 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Utilizou-se o tempo zero (t0) para calculo da solubilidade das silagens. A silagem do sorgo BR 303 apresentou os melhores resultados para a media de desaparecimento da FDN e da FDA as 96 horas de incubacao, seguida pela do BR 601. O tanino presente nos graos dos genotipos BR 700 e BR 701 ensilados no estadio de grao farinaceo, nao respondeu por nenhum efeito depressivo sobre os parametros estudados de degradacao da fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente acido

On the generation of asymmetric warps in disk galaxies

The warps in many spiral galaxies are now known to asymmetric. Recent sensitive observations have revealed that asymmetry of warps may be the norm rather than exception. However there exists no generic mechanism to generate these asymmetries in warps. We have derived the dispersion relation in a compact form for the S-shaped warps(described by the m=1 mode) and the bowl-shaped distribution(described by the m=0 mode) in galactic disk embedded in a dark matter halo. We then performed the numerical modal analysis and used the linear and time-dependent superposition principle to generate asymmetric warps in the disk. On doing the modal analysis we find the frequency of the $m=0$ mode is much larger than that of the $m=1$ mode. The linear and time-dependent superposition of these modes with their unmodulated amplitudes(that is, the coefficients of superposition being unity) results in an asymmetry in warps of ~ 20 - 40 %, whereas a smaller coefficient for the m=0 mode results in a smaller asymmetry. The resulting values agree well with the recent observations. We study the dependence of the asymmetry index on the dark matter halo parameters. This approach can also naturally produce U-shaped warps and L-shaped warps. We show that a rich variety of possible asymmetries in the z-distribution of the spiral galaxies can naturally arise due to a dynamical wave interference between the first two bending modes(i.e. m=0 and m=1) in the disk. This is a simple but general method for generating asymmetric warps that is independent of how the individual modes arise in the disk.Comment: Accepted for publication in A &

Fossil Groups Origins III. The relation between optical and X-ray luminosities

This study is part of the FOssil Groups Origin (FOGO) project which aims at carrying out a systematic and multiwavelength study of a large sample of fossil systems. Here we focus on the relation between the optical luminosity (Lopt) and X-ray luminosity (Lx). Out of a sample of 28 candidate fossil systems, we consider a sample of 12 systems whose fossil classification has been confirmed by a companion study. They are compared with the complementary sample of 16 systems whose fossil nature is not confirmed and with a subsample of 102 galaxy systems from the RASS-SDSS galaxy cluster survey. Fossil and normal systems span the same redshift range 0<z<0.5 and have the same Lx distribution. For each fossil system, the Lx in the 0.1-2.4 keV band is computed using data from the ROSAT All Sky Survey. For each fossil and normal system we homogeneously compute Lopt in the r-band within the characteristic cluster radius, using data from the SDSS DR7. We sample the Lx-Lopt relation over two orders of magnitude in Lx. Our analysis shows that fossil systems are not statistically distinguishable from the normal systems both through the 2D KS test and the fit of the Lx-Lopt relation. The optical luminosity of the galaxy system does strongly correlate with the X-ray luminosity of the hot gas component, independently of whether the system is fossil or not. We conclude that our results are consistent with the classical "merging scenario" of the brightest galaxy formed via merger/cannibalism of other group galaxies, with conservation of the optical light. We find no evidence for a peculiar state of the hot intracluster medium.Comment: A&A, 12 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, typos corr. and paper re-numbe