Perfil del paciente canino con cuerpos extraños esofágicos

Objetivo. Determinar el perfil del paciente canino que presenta cuerpos extraños esofágicos para identificar las características de riesgo al presentar esta entidad. Materiales y métodos. Este es un estudio retrospectivo realizado en el Hospital Clínico Veterinario de la Universidad de Extremadura (HCV). Se analizaron diferentes parámetros de los perros que presentaron un diagnóstico endoscópico de cuerpos extraños esofágicos. Resultados. Esta patología se presentó más comúnmente en perros adultos jóvenes y en pacientes de raza pequeña. Se presenta por primera vez al Podenco Portugués, el cual además representó la raza con mayor factor de riesgo. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación concuerdan con lo descrito anteriormente en cuanto a las características del paciente con cuerpo extraño esofágico. Asimismo, se reporta el Podenco Portugués como predispuesto a esta entidad, con un factor de riesgo mayor al de otras razas anteriormente mencionadas en la literatura. Para prevenir los cuerpos extraños esofágicos, se debe alimentar con carne cruda y huesos a los perros, especialmente a los de raza pequeña. Siempre se debe tener en cuenta esta patología en los perros con sintomatología de enfermedad esofágica sin importar su edad, pues su presentación es más común en perros adultos jóvenes.Objective. Determine the profile of the canine patient with esophageal foreign bodies to identify risk factors associated with the foreign bodies. Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective study made by the Veterinary Hospital Clinic of the Universidad de Extremadura (VHC). Different factors were analyzed in dogs with an endoscopic diagnosis of esophageal foreign bodies. Results. This pathology was more commonly found in young adult dogs and in small breeds. This pathology was present for the first time in the Portuguese Warren Hound, which was also the breed with the highest risk. Conclusions. The results obtained in this investigation are in agreement with the previous description of a patient that presents esophageal foreign bodies. Also, the Portuguese Warren Hound was found to be predisposed to this problem, with a higher risk factor than other breeds previously mentioned in the literature. To prevent esophageal foreign bodies, dogs should be fed raw meat and bones, especially small breeds. This pathology should always be kept in mind in dogs with esophagitis symptomology regardless of age, although it is most common in young adult dogs.peerReviewe

Perfil del paciente canino con cuerpos extraños esofágicos

Objetivo. Determinar el perfil del paciente canino que presenta cuerpos extraños esofágicos para identificar las características de riesgo al presentar esta entidad. Materiales y métodos. Este es un estudio retrospectivo realizado en el Hospital Clínico Veterinario de la Universidad de Extremadura (HCV). Se analizaron diferentes parámetros de los perros que presentaron un diagnóstico endoscópico de cuerpos extraños esofágicos. Resultados. Esta patología se presentó más comúnmente en perros adultos jóvenes y en pacientes de raza pequeña. Se presenta por primera vez al Podenco Portugués, el cual además representó la raza con mayor factor de riesgo. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación concuerdan con lo descrito anteriormente en cuanto a las características del paciente con cuerpo extraño esofágico. Asimismo, se reporta el Podenco Portugués como predispuesto a esta entidad, con un factor de riesgo mayor al de otras razas anteriormente mencionadas en la literatura. Para prevenir los cuerpos extraños esofágicos, se debe alimentar con carne cruda y huesos a los perros, especialmente a los de raza pequeña. Siempre se debe tener en cuenta esta patología en los perros con sintomatología de enfermedad esofágica sin importar su edad, pues su presentación es más común en perros adultos jóvenes.Objective. Determine the profile of the canine patient with esophageal foreign bodies to identify risk factors associated with the foreign bodies. Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective study made by the Veterinary Hospital Clinic of the Universidad de Extremadura (VHC). Different factors were analyzed in dogs with an endoscopic diagnosis of esophageal foreign bodies. Results. This pathology was more commonly found in young adult dogs and in small breeds. This pathology was present for the first time in the Portuguese Warren Hound, which was also the breed with the highest risk. Conclusions. The results obtained in this investigation are in agreement with the previous description of a patient that presents esophageal foreign bodies. Also, the Portuguese Warren Hound was found to be predisposed to this problem, with a higher risk factor than other breeds previously mentioned in the literature. To prevent esophageal foreign bodies, dogs should be fed raw meat and bones, especially small breeds. This pathology should always be kept in mind in dogs with esophagitis symptomology regardless of age, although it is most common in young adult dogs.peerReviewe

Sraštenost prstiju uz istodobnu višestruku nerazvijenost mekuši na sve četiri noge sa sekundarnom kontrakturom duboke fleksorne tetive u šteneta.

A 2-month-old, 7 kg, male Belgian shepherd Malinois was presented for evaluation of simple and complete syndactyly a nd metacarpal/tarsal pad agenesis in all four limbs, as well as deep digital flexor tendon contracture in the left thoracic and right pelvic limbs. A deep digital flexor tenotomy (digits 2 to 5) was initially performed at the level of the proximal and middle phalanges in the left thoracic limb. Pelvic limb surgery was not performed because the puppy showed less severe signology in this limb and to evaluate the consequences of the thoracic limb surgery. The patient responded partially, and was then treated with a subsequent bilateral tenotomy made more proximal to the previously described, at the level of the lateral lumbrical muscles in the left thoracic and right pelvic limbs. At 7-month post-operative examination, the patient had minimal lameness, especially regarding concurrent syndactyly and pad agenesis of all extremities that was not treated.U radu je iznesen opis i procjena stanja u dvomjesečnog, 7 kg teškog šteneta, belgijskog Malinois ovčara, s jednostavnom i potpunom sraštenošću prstiju, nerazvijenim metakarpalnim/metatarzalnim mekušina na sve 4 noge te s kontrakturama duboke digitalne fleksorne tetive na lijevoj prednjoj i desnoj stražnjoj nozi. U slučaju prve lijeve noge obavljeno je presjecanje duboke digitalne fleksorne tetive (2. do 5. prsta) na razini gornje i srednje falange. Operacija stražnje noge nije obavljena jer je štene na tom ekstremitetu pokazivalo manje izražene simptome, a željelo se prvo i procjeniti učinke zahvata na prednjoj nozi. Stanje pacijenta djelomično se poboljšalo, stoga je naknadno provedeno bilateralno presijecanje tetiva na mjestu iznad prethodne operacije, na razini lateralnih lumbrikalnih mišića prednje lijeve i stražnje desne noge. Postoperativnom kontrolom nakon 7 mjeseci, kod pacijenta je utvrđena minimalna šepavost, posebice vezana za neliječenu popratnu sraštenost prstiju i nerazvijenost mekuši na svim ekstremitetima

Chronic Expanding Hematoma Secondary to Excision of Recurrent Myxomas in a Bitch

Background: Expanding chronic hematoma is a relatively common postoperative complication in humans, not in dogs, nevertheless, is important understand this condition because it may affect the animal's health. A hematoma could be formed within hours and usually stabilizes spontaneously with the reabsorption of its content. However, occasionally the hematoma slowly expands, becomes encapsulated and forms a mass, causing a chronic expanding hematoma. Possibly skin and adipose tissue are displaced secondary to trauma, causing the formation of blood-filled cysts surrounded by a fibrous capsule. The aim of this document is to present the first report of a postsurgical chronic expanding hematoma in dog. Case: A case of chronic expanding hematoma secondary to excision of recurrent myxoma in a bitch was described. Physical examination showed a hard, firm, non-mobile mass enclosed within the deep muscular layers. This mass was between the sternum and the cranial abdomen, similar to previous lesions excised by another veterinarian. Fine needle aspiration indicated the presence of blood. Radiology demonstrated that the bone-cartilage tissue was not involved. Due to the size of the mass, a skin stretching pre-suturing technique using self-adhesive tape was applied around the mass 48 h before surgery.  The mass was removed with wide excision margins and portions of the affected muscles, but a large wound with great tension was created; consequently, a parallel to the wound incision and the thoraco-lumbar vertebrae was made.  Six months after surgery, the animal presented recurrence of the same lesion, which was also removed. The bleeding times were within the normal range, but the animal was diagnosed with hyperadrenocorticism. After both surgeries histopathological exam revealed a hematoma, that had thrombosis and granulation tissue with fibrosis and severe panniculitis, in addition of multifocal, chronic, moderate lymphohistiocytic myositis; all these changes were compatible with a chronic expanding hematoma.  Discussion: Chronic expanding hematoma is a mass that grows slowly secondary to hemorrhage and does not exhibit elements of malignancy. However, it can occasionally be confused for a soft-tissue neoplasm. It has been reported frequently in humans but not in small animals. The first case was reported in 2002: 5 puppies with a cervical hematoma classified as a chronic expanding hematoma was described. In addition, 3 cases were reported: 1 cat with perirenal chronic expanding hematoma; 1 bitch with intra-abdominal presentation, and 1 cat with this pathology on the right pelvic limb after an intramuscular injection.  The etiology of chronic expansive hematoma is unidentified in dogs, nevertheless, it is stipulated that is not an inflammatory process as previously assumed, but rather a neoplastic process. As in other cases, it was difficult to determine the origin of the chronic expanding hematoma. The coagulation times and platelets count were within ranges. Similarly, it is very complicated to relate hyperadrenocorticism with chronic expanding hematoma because dogs with Cushing’s disease generally present hypercoagulopathies. Myxomas are associated with endocrinopathies in humans and dogs, therefore, hyperadrenocorticism is possibly related with this neoplasia. Myxomas have an expansive growth pattern, contrasting with myxosarcomas, which are infiltrating; Although in the present case the skin mass appeared to be invasive, both macroscopical and histopathological appearance of it corresponded to a well-shaped capsule compatible with chronic expanding hematoma. In summary, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a post-surgical chronic expanding hematoma in a dog.    Keywords: dog, canine, surgery, expanding hematoma, postoperative complications, myxomas, small animal

Dysphagia Secondary to Spirocerca lupi in a German Shepherd Dog

Background: Spirocerca lupi is a nematode that causes nodules in the esophagus and aortic aneurysms in dogs. Animals are infected by eating intermediate host (beetle) containing infective larvae or consuming viscera containing parasitic cysts from paratenic hosts. Dogs commonly have a subclinical presentation, but the most common signs are vomiting and regurgitation. Visualizing nodules or neoplastic masses via esophagoscopy and the presence of S. lupi eggs in feces are the best diagnostic methods. Milbemycin oxime is effective as a treatment for S. lupi. The objective of this study was to describe the diagnostic and medical management of a patient with dysphagia secondary to esophageal S. lupi nodules. Case: A 7-year-old male German shepherd dog was referred for endoscopic examination. The animal presented with chronic severe dysphagia and weight loss with a presumptive diagnosis of an esophageal foreign body. At palpation of the neck, the dog was painful just dorsal to the cricoid cartilage and had submandibular lymphadenomegaly. The animal also exhibited a dropped jaw which could be returned to its normal position by manipulation. Radiographic examination demonstrated a radiopaque image compatible with a mass in the cranial esophagus just caudal to the upper esophageal sphincter. A fluoroscopy study was performed and confrmed the presence of a mass apparently within the esophageal wall preventing the passage of food. Additionally, in this case, small amounts of contrast medium were visualized passing into the dog trachea. The animal was hospitalized exhibiting odynophagia, dysphagia and regurgitation. Blood analysis revealed a hypochromic normocytic anemia, severe thrombocytopenia and hipoalbuminemia. A commercial ELISA test for Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. was performed (SNAP 4Dx plus, IDEXX®). The test was positive for Ehrlichia spp. and doxycycline treatment was started. Fluoroscopy was performed using iodinated contrast, and we observed a soft tissue density structure at the ventral wall of the esophagus that was not permitting the passage of the contrast through the upper esophageal sphincter. One week after doxycycline treatment the animal showed a improvement, with appetite and increased weight. In addition, the dropping jaw was no longer evident, but, the dysphagia continued. Laboratory analyses were repeated, and values were within the normal ranges. Esophagoscopy was performed which allowed us to observe a mass suggestive of a nodule secondary to S. lupi. This nodule was found in the cranial esophagus and could not be biopsied. However S. lupi eggs were observed in the fecal study. The patient was treated with milbemycin oxime to which the patient responded favorably, regaining the ability to swallow and gaining weight. Discussion: Spirocercosis is a parasitic disease with a worldwide distribution which occurs mainly in warm climates as in the present case. Dogs often have a subclinical presentation; however when present, the most common clinical signs are regurgitation and vomiting. In the present case the patient had severe chronic dysphagia as the principal sign, which makes this case atypical. Dysphagia occurred in this case because a nodule was formed in the cranial esophagus, which is also rare. This location made it impossible to take endoscopic biopsies, as described by other authors. However, the diagnosis was made by identifying microscopic parasites eggs in the stool test. In addition, dog improved with medical treatment with milbemycin oxime, at the present, no longer shows dysphagia, odynophagia or coughs and has improved their body condition. This is the frst offcial report of the presence of canine Spirocerca lupi in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Finally, dysphagia is an uncommon sign in dogs with spirocercosis; however, esophageal nodules secondary to S. lupi should be considered as a cause of this sign. Keywords: endoscopy, milbemycin oxime, Spirocerca lupi, nodule, dysphagia, dog

Calidad de melón cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) cubierto con una película comestible de alginato-hpmc-parafina

Abstract Introduction: Melon is a fruit with a short storage period. An alternative to extend the shelf-life of this fruit is the application of an edible film. In present study was evaluated the effect of the application of an edible coating based on alginate-hydroxypropilmethyl-cellulose-parafine over the quality of Cantaloupe melon under two storage types. Method: Cantaloupe melon fruits were covered by an alginate-hydroxypropilmethyl-cellulose-parafine edible coating (ALG-HPMC-PAR), and uncovered (CONTROL). Experimental melons were stored for 21 days at 5 ºC and 95 % relative humidity. Every seven days, the fruits were subjected to analysis of chilling injury index, loss of weight, texture, and CO2 and ethylene concentration of internal atmosphere of the fruit. In addition, to simulate commercial management, at the end of each period of seven days in refrigeration, a sample of melons was extracted from the refrigerator and exposed to environmental conditions of temperature and relative humidity (25ºC and 21-25% respectively) during three days (combined storage), and measured the parameters mentioned above. Results: The application of the edible coating induced that melons had a higher CO2 and lower ethylene concentration in the fruit inner atmosphere, contributing to maintain their quality for a longer storage time than the control fruits, since the covered melons were firmer, had a lower weight loss, and suffered a lower chilling injury index. Discussion or Conclusion: The obtained results prove the feasibility of the application of edible coatings to maintain the Cantaloupe melon quality in cooling and combined storage.Resumen Introducción: El melón es un fruto que tiene un corto periodo de almacenamiento. Una alternativa para extender este periodo es el uso de películas comestibles. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de una película comestible de alginato de sodio-hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa-parafina (ALG-HPMC-PAR), sobre la calidad de melón Cantaloupe durante dos tipos de almacenamiento. Método: Frutos de melón Cantaloupe se cubrieron con una película comestible de alginato-hidroxipropilmetil celulosa-parafina (ALG-HPMC-PAR), y no cubiertos (CONTROL). Los melones se almacenaron por 21 días a 5ºC y 95% de humedad relativa (Hr). Cada siete días, los frutos se sometieron a análisis de índice de daños por frío, pérdida de peso, textura, y concentración de CO2 y etileno de la atmósfera interna del fruto. Además, para simular manejo comercial, al término de cada periodo de siete días en refrigeración, una muestra de melones era extraída del frigorífico y expuesta a condiciones ambientales de temperatura y humedad relativa (25ºC y 21-25% respectivamente) durante tres días (almacenamiento combinado), y medidos los parámetros anteriormente mencionados. Resultados: La aplicación de la película comestible provocó que los frutos cubiertos tuvieran una mayor concentración de CO2 y menor concentración de etileno en la atmósfera interna del fruto, contribuyendo a que los melones cubiertos mantuvieron su calidad por un mayor tiempo de almacenamiento, manteniéndose más firmes, con menor pérdida de peso y sufrir menor índice de daños por frío con respecto los frutos control. Discusión: Los resultados demuestran la factibilidad de la aplicación de películas comestibles para mantener la calidad del melón Cantaloupe almacenado en refrigeración y en almacenamiento combinado

Gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs: a review

Gastroesophageal reflux can be a catastrophic illness in small animals during anesthesia since its complications can cause serious pathologies, such as esophagitis, esophageal stenosis and aspiration pneumonia. With an incidence from 12 to 78.5% in anesthetized dogs, gastroesophageal reflux is normally silent during anesthesia and will be notices only if regurgitation occurs and stomach acid is present in the nasal or oral cavities. In humans, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a well-defined pathology where the lower esophageal sphincter has a sustained weakness. However, in dogs, gastroesophageal reflux disease as such is not well established, if at all; it has only been described as gastroesophagic reflux, occurring principally in anesthetized animals. There are several factors influencing the presentation of reflux in anesthetized dogs, which may be inherent to the patient (e.g. age, sex, breed, weight, or body condition), medications used prior to and during anesthesia, type of surgery or position of the animal during surgery. The objective of this review is to discuss a series of conditions that could predispose dogs to gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia and to assist in the prevention and diagnosis of this condition

Evaluación de tres diferentes posiciones de los puertos de entrada para la funduplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica en conejos

El Algoritmo de Recocido Simulado, cristalización simulada o enfriamiento simulado, es un algoritmo de búsqueda metaheurística para problemas de optimización; el objetivo general de este tipo de algoritmos es encontrar una buena aproximación al valor óptimo de una función en un espacio de búsqueda grande. A este valor se lo denomina "óptimo local u óptimo global". El nombre e inspiración viene del proceso de recocido del acero y cerámicas, una técnica que consiste en calentar y luego enfriar lentamente el material para variar sus propiedades físicas. El calor causa que los átomos aumenten su energía y que puedan así desplazarse de sus posiciones iniciales (un mínimo local de energía); el enfriamiento lento les da mayores probabilidades de recristalizar en configuraciones con menor energía que la inicial (mínimo global). El método fue descrito independientemente por Scott Kirkpatrick, C. Daniel Gelatt y Mario P. Vecchi en 198

Evaluation of three different positions of laparoscopic ports for Nissen fundoplication in rabbits

Introduction: Paediatric laparoscopic surgery provides new challenges for surgeons; therefore there is a need for adequate training before performing procedures directly on patients. Several different models were designed for training, including both virtual simulators and live animals. However, training with animal models is the most appropriate method for surgical instruction, as it reproduces similar surgical conditions. The objective of this study was to establish the best localization of surgical ports for Nissen fundoplication in rabbit cadavers for both experimental and teaching purposes. Method: The research was conducted using six New Zealand white rabbit cadavers. The location of the trocars was established by two veterinary and one paediatric with experience in laparoscopy surgery. The model was evaluated by four paediatric surgeons. A 5 mm trocar was used, and a laparoscope of 5 mm and 30° attached to a microcamera was inserted. The abdomen was insufflated (to a pressure of 6-8 mm Hg). The placement of secondary trocars was conducted with direct visualization. Diverse factors were considered to establish the location of the trocars such the anatomy of the rabbit stomach and esophagus, laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication performed in rabbits with conventional laparoscopic instruments, and the length of paediatric laparoscopic instruments. Three approaches were repeated in order to locate a satisfactory view of the surgical area. Every position of the ports received a score: one point was scored when the instrumentation was crossed, one point when the organs were too far away to manipulate, and one point when the organs were too close to manipulate. The position was considered ideal when a zero value was obtained. Fleiss Kappa coefficient for 4 raters was used to estimate the level of concordance between observers. Results: It was possible to obtain a value of zero in the latter approach. The position of the trocars was established in the following way: the telescope port positioned at midline 1.6 cm caudal to the umbilical scar (2.0 cm with insufflation), and with the secondary ports placed slightly lateral to the third mammary glands. To establish the exact location of these trocars a point was established at 1.5 cm caudal to the telescope trocar. After forming an angle of 90°, 3.3 cm were measured on each side. These last measures were taken with the abdomen insufflated. Discussion or Conclusion: In this research was established the appropriate positions of the working ports, without causing fatigue of the operator’s wrist joint and with adequate space for comfortable movement. In addition, this would also reduce the use of live rabbits for the establishment of the ports in future research, accepting the concept of the three "Rs" for animal experimentation. With these models was obtained an excellent view of the surgical field without interference between the instruments and telescope.Introducción: La cirugía laparoscópica pediátrica establece nuevos desafíos para los cirujanos; Consecuentemente, existe la necesidad de una formación adecuada antes de realizar los procedimientos directamente en los pacientes. Han sido diseñados diferentes modelos para el entrenamiento quirúrgico, incluyendo simuladores virtuales y animales vivos. Sin embargo, el entrenamiento con modelos animales es el método más apropiado para la instrucción quirúrgica, puesto que reproduce condiciones quirúrgicas similares. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la localización adecuada de los puertos de entrada para la fundoplicatura de Nissen en cadáveres de conejos, tanto para fines experimentales como de enseñanza. Método: El estudio fue llevado a cabo usando seis cadáveres de conejo Nueva Zelanda. La ubicación de los trocares fue establecida por dos veterinarios y un pediatra con experiencia en cirugía laparoscópica. El modelo fue evaluado por cuatro cirujanos pediatras. Se utilizó un trocar de 5 mm, y se insertó un laparoscopio de 5 mm con 30° conectado a una micro-cámara. Se insufló el abdomen (a una presión de 6-8 mm Hg). La colocación de trocares secundarios se realizó con visualización directa. Para establecer la ubicación de los trocares se consideraron varios factores como la anatomía del estómago y esófago del conejo, la realización de la fundoplicatura laparoscópica de Nissen en conejos con instrumental laparoscópico convencional y la longitud de los instrumentos laparoscópicos pediátricos. Se realizaron tres abordajes con el fin de establecer una vista satisfactoria de la zona quirúrgica. A cada posición nueva de los puertos se les asignó una puntuación: un punto cuando existió cruce de los instrumentos, un punto cuando los órganos estaban demasiado lejos para manipular y un punto cuando estaban muy cerca para manipular. La posición se consideró ideal cuando el valor fue cero. Para estimar el grado de concordancia entre observadores se utilizó el coeficiente Kappa de Fleiss para 4 observadores. Resultados: Fue posible obtener un valor de cero en el último abordaje. La posición de los trócares quedó establecida de la siguiente manera: el puerto del telescopio fue colocado en la línea media 1,6 cm caudal a la cicatriz umbilical (2.0 cm insuflado) y con los puertos secundarios situados ligeramente laterales a las terceras glándulas mamarias. Para establecer la localización exacta de estos trócares se implantó un punto 1,5 cm caudal al puerto del telescopio. Después de formar un ángulo de 90°, se midieron 3,3 cm en cada lado. Estas últimas medidas se tomaron con el conejo insuflado. Discusión o Conclusión: En esta investigación se establecieron las posiciones apropiadas de los puertos de trabajo, sin causar fatiga de la articulación de la muñeca del cirujano y con un espacio adecuado para un movimiento confortable. Además, se reducirá el uso de conejos vivos para el establecimiento de los puertos en investigaciones futuras, abrazando el concepto de las tres “Rs” en la experimentación con animales. Con este modelo se obtuvo una excelente visión del campo quirúrgico sin interferencia entre el instrumental y el telescopio

Chronic Expanding Hematoma Secondary to Excision of Recurrent Myxomas in a Bitch

Background: Expanding chronic hematoma is a relatively common postoperative complication in humans, not in dogs, nevertheless, is important understand this condition because it may affect the animal's health. A hematoma could be formed within hours and usually stabilizes spontaneously with the reabsorption of its content. However, occasionally the hematoma slowly expands, becomes encapsulated and forms a mass, causing a chronic expanding hematoma. Possibly skin and adipose tissue are displaced secondary to trauma, causing the formation of blood-filled cysts surrounded by a fibrous capsule. The aim of this document is to present the first report of a postsurgical chronic expanding hematoma in dog. Case: A case of chronic expanding hematoma secondary to excision of recurrent myxoma in a bitch was described. Physical examination showed a hard, firm, non-mobile mass enclosed within the deep muscular layers. This mass was between the sternum and the cranial abdomen, similar to previous lesions excised by another veterinarian. Fine needle aspiration indicated the presence of blood. Radiology demonstrated that the bone-cartilage tissue was not involved. Due to the size of the mass, a skin stretching pre-suturing technique using self-adhesive tape was applied around the mass 48 h before surgery.  The mass was removed with wide excision margins and portions of the affected muscles, but a large wound with great tension was created; consequently, a parallel to the wound incision and the thoraco-lumbar vertebrae was made.  Six months after surgery, the animal presented recurrence of the same lesion, which was also removed. The bleeding times were within the normal range, but the animal was diagnosed with hyperadrenocorticism. After both surgeries histopathological exam revealed a hematoma, that had thrombosis and granulation tissue with fibrosis and severe panniculitis, in addition of multifocal, chronic, moderate lymphohistiocytic myositis; all these changes were compatible with a chronic expanding hematoma.  Discussion: Chronic expanding hematoma is a mass that grows slowly secondary to hemorrhage and does not exhibit elements of malignancy. However, it can occasionally be confused for a soft-tissue neoplasm. It has been reported frequently in humans but not in small animals. The first case was reported in 2002: 5 puppies with a cervical hematoma classified as a chronic expanding hematoma was described. In addition, 3 cases were reported: 1 cat with perirenal chronic expanding hematoma; 1 bitch with intra-abdominal presentation, and 1 cat with this pathology on the right pelvic limb after an intramuscular injection.  The etiology of chronic expansive hematoma is unidentified in dogs, nevertheless, it is stipulated that is not an inflammatory process as previously assumed, but rather a neoplastic process. As in other cases, it was difficult to determine the origin of the chronic expanding hematoma. The coagulation times and platelets count were within ranges. Similarly, it is very complicated to relate hyperadrenocorticism with chronic expanding hematoma because dogs with Cushing’s disease generally present hypercoagulopathies. Myxomas are associated with endocrinopathies in humans and dogs, therefore, hyperadrenocorticism is possibly related with this neoplasia. Myxomas have an expansive growth pattern, contrasting with myxosarcomas, which are infiltrating; Although in the present case the skin mass appeared to be invasive, both macroscopical and histopathological appearance of it corresponded to a well-shaped capsule compatible with chronic expanding hematoma. In summary, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a post-surgical chronic expanding hematoma in a dog.    Keywords: dog, canine, surgery, expanding hematoma, postoperative complications, myxomas, small animal