66 research outputs found

    Investigação do comportamento tribológico do revestimento WC-CoCr/HVOF aplicado a componentes hidráulicos sob princípios da Green Tribology

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    A busca por eficientes técnicas para tratamentos de superfícies e o uso de lubrificantes ecológicos têm sido objetos de pesquisa no mundo inteiro, devido à necessidade de redução do consumo de energia e os danos ambientais gerados pela indústria. As energias de atrito e desgaste, assim como a lubrificação biodegradável, ainda são temas a serem explorados. A hipótese dessa tese é que os revestimentos de aspersão térmica HVOF, seguido de tratamento à laser, sejam técnicas eficientes para melhorar o desempenho de superfícies de componentes hidráulicos. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial da liga WC-CoCr, como opção aos revestimentos de cromo duro e testar o desempenho das superfícies revestidas, em condições a seco e lubrificadas, após o processo de refusão a laser. Caracterizou-se os revestimentos, quanto a microdureza, microestrutura, resistência a flexão e desempenho tribológico. Posteriormente, os óleos hidráulicos biodegradáveis HEES e HEPR foram selecionados e comparados com o óleo mineral HLP, em diferentes regimes de lubrificação. Em seguida, novas amostras revestidas foram tratadas à laser com densidades de energia de 33,3 e 150 J/mm2, e novamente submetidas a testes tribológicos, estimando-se as eficiências energéticas das superfícies. Os resultados demonstram boas características do revestimento de WC-CoCr para melhoria das superfícies. Mesmo com maior dureza, uma menor densidade de trincas foi observada para a liga WC-CoCr, comparada ao cromo duro. Usando o conceito de Abbott-Firestone, a rugosidade Rmr diminui de 90,57 para 80,29 % na superfície revestida, resultado que foi atribuído à combinação entre dureza, resistência ao desgaste e baixo coeficiente de atrito (COF). O óleo biodegradável HEPR promoveu uma maior estabilidade do COF, para as diferentes pressões de contato. Os resultados de desgaste e atrito confirmaram as diferenças dos coeficientes de pressão-viscosidade e da concentração inferior de aditivos anti-desgaste para o óleo HEES. A amostras tratadas à laser com 33,3 J/mm2, mostraram que a distribuição adequada das fases W2C e Co3W3C, a concentração de CrC e a densificação na camada do revestimento, reduziram o atrito, a dissipação de calor e o desgaste na superfície, proporcionando a esta, maior eficiência energética. A falta de homogeneização, com acúmulos de debris no disco, promoveram o fenômeno de adesão na amostra não refundida. A baixa adesão e os mecanismos de desgaste das superfícies, indicaram que o óleo HEPR não conseguiu prevenir totalmente o desgaste, porém reduziu 50 % do COF. Este estudo mostra que é possível melhorar a eficiência energética e ambiental dos sistemas hidráulicos, além de incentivar o desenvolvimento da Green Tribology.The search for efficient techniques for surface treatments and the use of eco-friendly lubricants has been the subject of worldwide research, because of the need to reduce energy consumption and environmental harm caused by industry. Frictional and wear energies, along with biodegradable lubrication, remain to be explored. The hypothesis of this PhD thesis is that HVOF thermal spray coatings, followed by laser treatment, are effective techniques to improve the performance of surfaces of hydraulic components. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of WC-CoCr alloy as an alternative to hard chromium coatings, and to test the performance of sprayed surfaces, under dry and lubricated conditions, following the laser remelting process. The coatings were characterized for concerning the microstructure microhardness, bending strength and tribological performance. Subsequently, HEES and HEPR biodegradable oils were selected and compared to HLP mineral oil under different lubrication regimes. Following this comparison, new sprayed samples were laser-treated at energy densities of 33.3 and 150 J/mm2, and again subjected to tribological tests, estimating surfaces' energy efficiency. The results demonstrate good features of the WC-CoCr coating to improve the surfaces of the hydraulic components. Even with greater hardness, a lower crack density was observed for WC-CoCr compared to hard chromium. Using the Abbott-Firestone concept, the Rmr roughness decreases from 90.57 to 80.29 % on the pulverized surface, result attributed to combining hardness, wear resistance and low coefficient of friction (COF). The biodegradable HEPR oil promoted the stability of the COF at different contact pressures. The wear and friction results confirmed the differences between the pressure-viscosity coefficients and the lowest anti-wear concentration for HEES oil. Laser-treated samples with 33.3 J/mm2 showed that the proper distribution of phases W2C and Co3W3C, the concentration of CrC and the densification of the coating layer contributed to the reduction of friction, heat dissipation and wear on the surface, resulting in greater energy efficiency. The lack of homogenization, with accumulation of debris on the disc, promoted the phenomenon of adhesion in the non-remelted sample. The low adhesion and surface wear mechanisms indicated that the HEPR oil could not completely prevent wear but reduced the COF by 50 %. This study shows that it is possible to improve the energy and environmental efficiency of hydraulic systems, in addition to promoting the development of Green Tribology

    A comparison of microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties of WC-10Co4Cr - HVOF coating and hard chrome to use in hydraulic cylinders

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    In order to obtain a wear and oxidation resistant surface, hydraulic cylinders are commonly coated with electrodeposited hard chromium. However, due to the wear, this type of coating exhibits a gradual increase of the bearing area for the sealing elements, interfering in the lubrication of the hydraulic rod, causing damage to the sealing elements and, consequently, oil leakage. Currently, the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) process appears as an alternative coating technique to Hard Chrome Plating, using composites (metal-ceramic), which provide low wear rates and a low friction. This work aims to compare the mechanical and tribological properties of hard chrome plated and WC-CoCr HVOF coated AISI 1045 steel for the use as hydraulic rods. The selected coatings thickness was in the order of 100-170 μm aiming to meet best wear test conditions, to facilitate the analysis of the microstructure, and to obtain better results regarding the hardness of each coating. Roughness measurements, hardness, bending and wear tests, including the measurements of friction coefficients were carried out for the coatings. Additionally, a microstructural analysis was performed by optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) supported by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicated superior properties of the WC-CoCr HVOF coated steel in comparison to the chrome hard plated one, especially regarding roughness, friction and wear

    Effects of tempering temperature on the microstructure and creep resistance of X22CrMoV12-1 steel used on steam turbine blades

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    The development of manufacturing processes and materials for components of steam turbines are very important to increase the reliability and availability of power generation. These materials must have resistance to corrosion and creep, the effects of prolonged exposure to high temperature has a strong influence on metallurgical stability, causing them to fail in operation. Precipitation hardening stainless steels are thermally treated to improve their creep resistance through the formation of precipitates. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of tempering temperature on the microstructure and the creep resistance of X22CrMoV12-1 steel. The microstructure was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Analysis of the tempered samples showed a microstructure composed of martensite with M23C6 carbides located along the martensite slats. Higher tempering temperatures promoted reduction of hardness, yield and ultimate tensile with increased elongation. The X22CrMoV12-1 tempered steel at 690°C showed superior performance of its creep resistance among tempered temperatures tested

    Analysis of the tribological performances of biodegradable hydraulic oils HEES and HEPR in the sliding of Cu–Zn/WC–CoCr alloys using the Stribeck curve

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    In surface engineering, new coatings and deposition techniques for decreasing wear have been proposed. However, the tribological behaviors of these coatings under lubricated sliding with biodegradable oils are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tribological behaviors of two hydraulic biodegradable oils, namely hydraulic environmental ester oil synthetic (HEES) and hydraulic oil environmental polyalphaolefn (HEPR), with hydraulic mineral oil (HLP), using a pin-on-disk tribometer. In the sliding tests, a Cu–35Zn sphere against a fat surface is coated with WC–10Co4Cr alloy using a HVOF thermal spray. The Stribeck curve was used to evaluate the performances of the lubricants. The coefcient of friction, the contact pressure, and the flm thickness were determined. In addition, the coefcient of wear of the sphere was evaluated, and the oil with the lowest value was identifed, which was HEPR in this case. In long-term tests, HEPR was afected by the stick–slip phenomenon, which increased the coefcients of friction and wear. Furthermore, the mechanism of adhesion of the sphere on the disk was more evident with the use of HEES compared to HLP. The highest concentrations of Zn and P and the pressure–viscosity coefcient value, which was detected in the mineral oil, caused friction reduction and lower damage to the surfaces. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the tribological conditions of synthetic bio-lubricants for applications in hydraulic systems

    In Gaming Advertising: a percepção do consumidor de jogos eletrônicos

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    O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar se os jogadores de jogos eletrônicos se atentam às marcas inseridas nos jogos eletrônicos. O mercado de games teve crescimento devido à pandemia do novo Corona vírus, uma vez que o consumidor passou a acessar por mais tempo os jogos eletrônicos, despertando o interesse das empresas em divulgar sua marca através das mais diversas plataformas nos jogos eletrônicos, sendo uma estratégia de visibilidade e de aproximação com os consumidores do setor. A fim de chegar no objetivo estipulado, foi aplicado um questionário on-line, em uma amostra por acesso, junto aos consumidores de jogos eletrônicos divulgado em mídias sociais, Discord Facebook e WhatsApp, e por razões operacionais o estudo foi limitado ao estado de São Paulo, por ser um estado que possui grande influência no mercado de jogos eletrônicos. O resultado da pesquisa identificou que os consumidores de jogos eletrônicos se atentam as publicidades inseridas no contexto de jogos e se sentem atraídos pelas marcas e produtos presentes nos jogos

    Modelagem numérica do processo de rebitagem em palhetas de turbinas a vapor

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    A fragilização estrutural devido ao processo de rebitagem vem sendo pesquisada em diversos componentes, como por exemplo, em estruturas aeronáuticas. Este processo afeta a confiabilidade dos equipamentos quando são submetidos aos carregamentos de operação. O rotor de alta pressão em estudo operou cerca de 3000 horas após a manutenção de repalhetamento até detectar a falhar. Esta falha foi relacionada com as técnicas utilizadas no processo de rebitagem das bandagens nas palhetas, que acabou gerando trincas no raio de arredondamento das espigas de diversas palhetas. Deste modo, o presente estudo avalia numericamente o comportamento mecânico do processo de rebitagem por meio de uma análise não linear utilizando o método dos elementos finitos (MEF). Para a geometria em análise (punção, espiga e bandagem) foi escolhido uma configuração 2D, com comportamento axisymmetric, utilizando o elemento plane183 para os componentes, assim como os elementos contac172 e targe169 para os contatos. Foi aplicado um comportamento elasto-plástico do material a fim de investigar as tensões residuais após do processo de rebitagem. Os resultados da simulação apresentaram boa correlação com as falhas das palhetas, indicando concentração de tensão no raio da espiga. As tensões próximas ao raio são aproximadamente 1200 MPa e 180 MPa para a tensão máxima e mínima principal, respectivamente. Foi observado que a tensão máxima principal está acima do limite de escoamento. Contudo, estudos futuros utilizando outros modelos, como o da mecânica da fratura, seriam aplicados a fim de que não ocorra a falha da união quando esta for solicitada na fase de operação. Palavras-chave: Processo de rebitagem, elementos finitos, análise não linear, tensão residual

    Tribological evaluation of biodegradable and mineral hydraulic oil with sliding between the Cu-Zn and WC-CoCr alloys

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    A correta seleção dos óleos lubrificantes e das superfícies de contato melhoram o desempenho e reduzem o consumo de energia das máquinas Por isso, a engenharia de superfícies propõe novos revestimentos aos quais seu comportamento tribológico combinado com o uso de óleos biodegradáveis em componentes de sistema hidráulicos, não são conhecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento do óleo mineral - HLP e do biodegradável sintético - HEES, submetido ao deslizamento de um pino de liga Cu-35Zn, contra uma superfície plana revestida com WC-10Co4Cr por alta velocidade térmica. pulverização - HVOF. A combinação de óleos biodegradáveis com superfícies de menor impacto ambiental é importante para a sustentabilidade e crescimento da indústria moderna. O desempenho dos lubrificantes foi avaliado por meio de testes de deslizamento em um tribômetro pino sobre disco, modificando as cargas, para identificar os regimes de lubrificação, fricção e desgaste. Os testes indicaram que os valores do coeficiente de atrito médio foi de µHEES = 0,054 e µHLP = 0,044, assim mesmo o limite do regime de lubrificação foram próximos. A espessura mínima do filme (hmín) foi 23 % maior para o HLP e os valores obtidos de parâmetro do filme (λ) foi diferente a resultados de outras superfícies. Na avaliação do desgaste do pino e disco, percebeu-se que as maiores concentrações dos aditivos de Zn e P, encontradas no HLP, reduz o dano na superfície. Portanto, há a necessidade de se avaliar o tipo de superfície lubrificada com óleo do tipo HEES, bem como, fazer alterações das concentrações de aditivos.The correct selection of lubricating oils and contact surfaces improves performance and reduces the energy consumption of the machines. Therefore, surface engineering proposes new coatings to which their tribological behavior combined with the use of biodegradable oils in hydraulic system components are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the mineral oil - HLP and the synthetic biodegradable - HEES, subjected to sliding of a pin made of Cu-35Zn alloy, against a flat surface coated with WC-10Co4Cr by high-speed thermal spraying - HVOF. The combination of biodegradable oils with surfaces of lesser environmental impact is important for the sustainability and growth of the modern industry. The performance of the lubricants was evaluated by means of sliding tests on a pin-on-disc tribometer, modifying the loads, to identify the lubrication, friction and wear regimes. The tests indicated that the average coefficient of friction was μHEES = 0,054 and μHLP = 0,044, so the limit of the lubrication regimes was close. The minimum film thickness hmín was 23 % higher for HLP and the obtained values of the film parameter (λ) were different from the results of other surfaces. In the evaluation of the wear of the pin and disk, it was found to that the higher concentrations of the additives of Zn and P, found in the HLP, reduces the surface damage. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the type of surfaces lubricated with oils of the HEES type, as well as changes in additive concentrations should be made

    Age and mass of solar twins constrained by lithium abundance

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    We analyze the non-standard mixing history of the solar twins HIP 55459, HIP 79672, HIP 56948, HIP 73815, and HIP 100963, to determine as precisely as possible their mass and age. We computed a grid of evolutionary models with non-standard mixing at several metallicities with the Toulouse-Geneva code for a range of stellar masses assuming an error bar of +-50K in Teff. We choose the evolutionary model that reproduces accurately the observed low lithium abundances observed in the solar twins. Our best-fit model for each solar twin provides a mass and age solution constrained by their Li content and Teff determination. HIP 56948 is the most likely solar-twin candidate at the present time and our analysis infers a mass of 0.994 +- 0.004 Msun and an age of 4.71 +-1.39 Gyr. Non-standard mixing is required to explain the low Li abundances observed in solar twins. Li depletion due to additional mixing in solar twins is strongly mass dependent. An accurate lithium abundance measurement and non-standard models provide more precise information about the age and mass more robustly than determined by classical methods alone.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic
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