Pengaruh Jatuh Tegangan Terhadap Kerja Motor Induksi Tiga Fasa Menggunakan Simulink Matlab

Pengaruh jatuh tegangan jala-jala dengan beban bervariasi terhadap daya input, arus input, kecepatan putar rotor, slip, daya output, rugi-rugi dan efisiensi motor induksi tiga fasa.Diperoleh dari simulasi jatuh tegangan sebesar 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% pada beban 4 N-m yang mengalami kenaikan adalah arus input dari 6,23-6,77 ampere, juga slip dari 3,273,33 %, dan yang mengalami penurunan adalah kecepatan putar rotor dari 1450,92-1450,01 rpm, daya output dari 4912,55-4263,93 watt dan effisiensi dari 88,99-87,53 %. Pada beban 5 N-m yang mengalami kenaikan adalah arus input dari 6,35-6,94 ampere, slip dari 3,36-3,43 %, dan yang mengalami penurunan adalah kecepatan putar rotor dari 1449,67-1448,52 rpm, daya output dari 4933,074329,55 watt dan effisiensi dari 89,04-87,71 %. Pada beban 6 N-m yang mengalami kenaikan adalah arus input dari 6,48-7,03 amper, slip dari 3,44-3,53 %, dan yang mengalami penurunan adalah kecepatan putar rotor dari 1448,46-1447,03 rpm, daya output dari 4964,58-4365,17 wattdan effisiensi dari 89,11-87,81 %

Pengaruh Muatan Truk Berlebih Terhadap Biaya Pemeliharaan Jalan

More than 90% of freight movement in Indonesia is carried out by land transportation (mostly highway mode). Meanwhile most nation land is surrounded by water, in which the movement could have been carried out by sea transportation. There are rail network in Java Island and some parts of Sumatera Island where multimodal/inter-modality system can be applied. However, lack of sea and rail transportation infrastructure and management makes highway mode the main choice among other transportation modes. This study investigated the impact of overloading trucks in the freight transportation system in Indonesia, because the government still allows trucks to carry up to 50% of the normal maximum load. This policy has greatinfluence on road deterioration, creating the vehicle damage factor approximately 5 times higher than that of the normal one. This overloading has a big impact on the maintenance of the road and will increase themaintenance budget

Biochemical and Functional Characterization of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 16 Genes in Aedes aegypti Larvae: Identification of the Major Digestive β-1,3-Glucanase

Insect β-1,3-glucanases belong to Glycoside Hydrolase Family 16 (GHF16) and are involved in digestion of detritus and plant hemicellulose. In this work, we investigated the role of GHF16 genes in Aedes aegypti larvae, due to their detritivore diet. Aedes aegypti genome has six genes belonging to GHF16 (Aae GH16.1 – Aae GH16.6), containing two to six exons. Sequence analysis suggests that five of these GHF16 sequences (Aae GH16.1, 2, 3, 5, and 6) contain the conserved catalytic residues of this family and correspond to glucanases. All genomes of Nematocera analyzed showed putative gene duplications corresponding to these sequences. Aae GH16.4 has no conserved catalytic residues and is probably a β-1,3-glucan binding protein involved in the activation of innate immune responses. Additionally, Ae. aegypti larvae contain significant β-1,3-glucanase activities in the head, gut and rest of body. These activities have optimum pH about 5–6 and molecular masses between 41 and 150 kDa. All GHF16 genes above showed different levels of expression in the larval head, gut or rest of the body. Knock-down of AeGH16.5 resulted in survival and pupation rates lower than controls (dsGFP and water treated). However, under stress conditions, severe mortalities were observed in AeGH16.1 and AeGH16.6 knocked-down larvae. Enzymatic assays of β-1,3-glucanase in AeGH16.5 silenced larvae exhibited lower activity in the gut and no change in the rest of the body. Chromatographic activity profiles from gut samples after GH16.5 silencing showed suppression of enzymatic activity, suggesting that this gene codes for the digestive larval β-1,3-glucanase of Ae. aegypti. This gene and enzyme are attractive targets for new control strategies, based on the impairment of normal gut physiology

The classification of esterases: an important gene family involved in insecticide resistance - A Review

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2018-11-06T15:40:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 isabela_montela_etal_IOC_2012.pdf: 1172249 bytes, checksum: 042b79d62d2cfd3f04c00712e682dbde (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2018-11-06T15:51:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 isabela_montela_etal_IOC_2012.pdf: 1172249 bytes, checksum: 042b79d62d2cfd3f04c00712e682dbde (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T15:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 isabela_montela_etal_IOC_2012.pdf: 1172249 bytes, checksum: 042b79d62d2cfd3f04c00712e682dbde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil / Instituto de Biologia do Exército.Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil / Instituto de Biologia do Exército.Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil / Instituto de Biologia do Exército.Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.The use of chemical insecticides continues to play a major role in the control of disease vector populations, which is leading to the global dissemination of insecticide resistance. A greater capacity to detoxify insecticides, due to an increase in the expression or activity of three major enzyme families, also known as metabolic resistance, is one major resistance mechanisms. The esterase family of enzymes hydrolyse ester bonds, which are present in a wide range of insecticides; therefore, these enzymes may be involved in resistance to the main chemicals employed in control programs. Historically, insecticide resistance has driven research on insect esterases and schemes for their classification. Currently, several different nomenclatures are used to describe the esterases of distinct species and a universal standard classification does not exist. The esterase gene family appears to be rapidly evolving and each insect species has a unique complement of detoxification genes with only a few orthologues across species. The examples listed in this review cover different aspects of their biochemical nature. However, they do not appear to contribute to reliably distinguish among the different resistance mechanisms. Presently, the phylogenetic criterion appears to be the best one for esterase classification. Joint genomic, biochemical and microarray studies will help unravel the classification of this complex gene family

Evolutionary origin and function of NOX4-art, an arthropod specific NADPH oxidase

Abstract Background NADPH oxidases (NOX) are ROS producing enzymes that perform essential roles in cell physiology, including cell signaling and antimicrobial defense. This gene family is present in most eukaryotes, suggesting a common ancestor. To date, only a limited number of phylogenetic studies of metazoan NOXes have been performed, with few arthropod genes. In arthropods, only NOX5 and DUOX genes have been found and a gene called NOXm was found in mosquitoes but its origin and function has not been examined. In this study, we analyzed the evolution of this gene family in arthropods. A thorough search of genomes and transcriptomes was performed enabling us to browse most branches of arthropod phylogeny. Results We have found that the subfamilies NOX5 and DUOX are present in all arthropod groups. We also show that a NOX gene, closely related to NOX4 and previously found only in mosquitoes (NOXm), can also be found in other taxonomic groups, leading us to rename it as NOX4-art. Although the accessory protein p22-phox, essential for NOX1-4 activation, was not found in any of the arthropods studied, NOX4-art of Aedes aegypti encodes an active protein that produces H2O2. Although NOX4-art has been lost in a number of arthropod lineages, it has all the domains and many signature residues and motifs necessary for ROS production and, when silenced, H2O2 production is considerably diminished in A. aegypti cells. Conclusions Combining all bioinformatic analyses and laboratory work we have reached interesting conclusions regarding arthropod NOX gene family evolution. NOX5 and DUOX are present in all arthropod lineages but it seems that a NOX2-like gene was lost in the ancestral lineage leading to Ecdysozoa. The NOX4-art gene originated from a NOX4-like ancestor and is functional. Although no p22-phox was observed in arthropods, there was no evidence of neo-functionalization and this gene probably produces H2O2 as in other metazoan NOX4 genes. Although functional and present in the genomes of many species, NOX4-art was lost in a number of arthropod lineages

Comparison of the Accuracy of the Post-processing GPS Measurement Outputs from Different Software

Import 22/07/2015Táto práca sa zoberá porovnaním presnosti výstupov post-procesingu (PP) GPS meraní z rôznych softvérov a techník spracovania. Porovnanie je spracované na základe vlastných navrhnutých a realizovaných meraní. Pri návrhu meraní sú brané do úvahy rôzne podmienky a faktory, ktoré ich ovplyvňujú. Merania sú rozdelené na statické a kinematické. Spracovanie je realizované pomocou dvoch rôznych metód. Prvou je diferenčná metóda (DGPS), ktorú podporujú všetky zo zvolených softvérov. Druhou je rozširujúca technika autonomného merania, Precise Point Positioning (PPP) a využíva ju len jeden zo zmieňovaných softvérov. Výstupom sú rozdiely súradníc z merania porovnané voči referenčným súradniciam. Vo výstupoch metódy DGPS neboli zásadné rozdiely. Technika PPP v určitých prípadoch dokáže konkurovať metóde DGPS.Thesis deals with the quality evaluation of post-processed GPS measurements from different sofwares and techniques of processing. Comparison is based on own proposed and realized GPS measurements. During the proposal of suitable measurement campaigns, various influences and effects were taken into account. Measurements are divided into static and kinematic solutions. Processing of data was realized by two different methods. The first is differential GPS method (DGPS), which was supported by all used PP softwares. The second one is technique called Precise Point Positioning (PPP) which expands standard stand-alone technique. PPP solution was available only in one of selected softwares. For the quality evaluation differences between processed coordinates and precise reference coordinates were used. There were no essential differences in the outputs of DGPS method. PPP technique in some cases can compete to DGPS method.548 - Institut geoinformatikyvýborn

Tracking the return of Aedes aegypti to Brazil, the major vector of the dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-11-16T10:04:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 renata_schama_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 3703938 bytes, checksum: de34ec3eb7f3394b29c6feada76613b4 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-11-16T10:12:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 renata_schama_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 3703938 bytes, checksum: de34ec3eb7f3394b29c6feada76613b4 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-16T10:12:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 renata_schama_etal_IOC_2017.pdf: 3703938 bytes, checksum: de34ec3eb7f3394b29c6feada76613b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017Yale University. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. New Haven, Connecticut, USA.Yale University. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. New Haven, Connecticut, USA.Yale University. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. New Haven, Connecticut, USA.Yale University. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. New Haven, Connecticut, USA.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas. . Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Àrtrópodes. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Yale University. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. New Haven, Connecticut, USA.Aedes aegypti, commonly known as "the yellow fever mosquito", is of great medical concern today primarily as the major vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses, although yellow fever remains a serious health concern in some regions. The history of Ae. aegypti in Brazil is of particular interest because the country was subjected to a well-documented eradication program during 1940s-1950s. After cessation of the campaign, the mosquito quickly re-established in the early 1970s with several dengue outbreaks reported during the last 30 years. Brazil can be considered the country suffering the most from the yellow fever mosquito, given the high number of dengue, chikungunya and Zika cases reported in the country, after having once been declared "free of Ae. aegypti"

Rhodnius prolixus supergene families of enzymes potentially associated with insecticide resistance

Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. Once known as an endemic health problem of poor rural populations in Latin American countries, it has now spread worldwide. The parasite is transmitted by triatomine bugs, of which Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) is one of the vectors and a model organism. This species occurs mainly in Central and South American countries where the disease is endemic. Disease prevention focuses on vector control programs that, in general, rely intensely on insecticide use. However, the massive use of chemical insecticides can lead to resistance. One of the major mechanisms is known as metabolic resistance that is associated with an increase in the expression or activity of detoxification genes. Three of the enzyme families that are involved in this process – carboxylesterases (CCE), glutathione s-transferases (GST) and cytochrome P450s (CYP) – are analyzed in the R. prolixus genome. A similar set of detoxification genes to those of the Hemipteran Acyrthosiphon pisum but smaller than in most dipteran species was found in R. prolixus genome. All major CCE classes (43 genes found) are present but the pheromone/hormone processing class had fewer genes than usual. One main expansion was detected on the detoxification/dietary class. The phosphotriesterase family, recently associated with insecticide resistance, was also represented with one gene. One microsomal GST gene was found and the cytosolic GST gene count (14 genes) is extremely low when compared to the other hemipteran species with sequenced genomes. However, this is similar to Apis mellifera, a species known for its deficit in detoxification genes. In R. prolixus 88 CYP genes were found, with representatives in the four clans (CYP2, CYP3, CYP4 and mitochondrial) usually found in insects. R. prolixus seems to have smaller species-specific expansions of CYP genes than mosquitoes and beetles, among others. The number of R. prolixus CYP genes is similar to the hemipteran Ac. pisum, although with a bigger expansion in CYP3 and CYP4 clans, along with several gene fragments, mostly in CYP4 clan. Eleven founding members of new families were detected, consisting of ten genes in the CYP3 clan and 1 gene in the CYP4 clan. Members of these clans were proposed to have important detoxification roles in insects. The identification of CCE, GST and CYP genes is of utmost importance for directing detoxification studies on triatomines that can help insecticide management strategies in control programs.Fil: Schama, Renata. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Pedrini, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: Juarez, Marta Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: Nelson, David R.. University of Tennessee; Estados UnidosFil: Torres, André. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Valle, Denise. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Mesquita, Rafael D.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular; Brasi