10 research outputs found
Spatial and Temporal Variation of Reef Fish Assemblages in the Galapagos Archipelago: The Influence of Biogeography, Management and ENSO
I investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of Galapagos fish assemblages using diversity, abundance, and length data from baited remote underwater stereo-video systems. I generated information describing the ecology and status of finfish populations in relation to key natural and anthropogenic pressures. This information has local and global implications, including highlighting the unique values of the Galapagos archipelago for biogeography research. I suggest possible management actions to improve the status of local fish populations
Globalisation du marché international du vin et restructuration de l'offre
Le marchĂ© du vin a connu, dans les 30 derniĂšres annĂ©es, d'importantes mutations avec un effondrement de la consommation par tĂȘte dans les pays producteurs historiques du sud de l'Europe et l'Ă©mergence de nouveaux acteurs en AmĂ©rique et en OcĂ©anie. Il en est rĂ©sultĂ© un Ă©cart structurel entre l'offre et la demande, gĂ©nĂ©rateur d'instabilitĂ© des prix et des revenus vitivinicoles, principalement dans l'Union europĂ©enne et, plus rĂ©cemment, en Australie. Ce mouvement s'accompagne d'une restructuration de l'offre avec l'Ă©mergence d'un oligopole Ă franges 1, dĂ©jĂ observĂ© dans d'autres secteurs de l'agroalimentaire. Un groupe dominant de puissantes firmes multinationales se met en place, basĂ© sur une stratĂ©gie d'envergure, de forte marketisation des produits et de captation de rĂ©seaux de distribution. Cette stratĂ©gie trouve ses ressources dans une financiarisation croissante de la gouvernance des firmes. Elle interpelle les pouvoirs publics, en particulier europĂ©ens, pour une rĂ©forme du cadre institutionnel sectoriel.
Characterization of deep-sea benthic invertebrate megafauna of the Galapagos Islands
© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Salinas-de-LeĂłn, P., MartĂ-Puig, P., Buglass, S., ArnĂ©s-UrgellĂ©s, C., Rastoin-Laplane, E., Creemers, M., Cairns, S., Fisher, C., O'Hara, T., Ott, B., Raineault, N. A., Reiswig, H., Rouse, G., Rowley, S., Shank, T. M., Suarez, J., Watling, L., Wicksten, M. K., & Marsh, L. Characterization of deep-sea benthic invertebrate megafauna of the Galapagos Islands. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 13894, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70744-1.The deep sea represents the largest and least explored biome on the planet. Despite the iconic status of the Galapagos Islands and being considered one of the most pristine locations on earth, the deep-sea benthic ecosystems of the archipelago are virtually unexplored in comparison to their shallow-water counterparts. In 2015, we embarked on a multi-disciplinary scientific expedition to conduct the first systematic characterization of deep-sea benthic invertebrate communities of the Galapagos, across a range of habitats. We explored seven sites to depths of over 3,300 m using a two-part Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) system aboard the E/V Nautilus, and collected 90 biological specimens that were preserved and sent to experts around the world for analysis. Of those, 30 taxa were determined to be undescribed and new to science, including members of five new genera (2 sponges and 3 cnidarians). We also systematically analysed image frame grabs from over 85 h of ROV footage to investigate patterns of species diversity and document the presence of a range of underwater communities between depths of 290 and 3,373 m, including cold-water coral communities, extensive glass sponge and octocoral gardens, and soft-sediment faunal communities. This characterization of Galapagos deep-sea benthic invertebrate megafauna across a range of ecosystems represents a first step to study future changes that may result from anthropogenic impacts to the planetâs climate and oceans, and informed the creation of fully protected deep-water areas in the Galapagos Marine Reserve that may help preserve these unique communities in our changing planet.We are thankful to the Ocean Exploration Trust as well as the pilots and crew aboard the E/V Nautilus during cruise NA064 for their assistance in sample collection and exploration using the Hercules ROV. Thank you to the NOAA Office of Exploration and Research for funding the E/V Nautilus Exploration Program (NA15OAR0110220). Further acknowledgements and thanks go out to the Charles Darwin Foundation and the Galapagos National Park Directorate for their collaboration and assistance in the exploration of the Galapagos Platform conducted under research permits PC-26â15 & PC-45-15. We also gratefully recognize the Government of Ecuador via the Ecuadorian Navy for permission to operate in their territorial waters. This research was supported by a grant from the Helmsley Charitable Trust and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. This publication is contribution number 2354 of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands
Globalisation du marché international du vin et restructuration de l'offre
Le marchĂ© du vin a connu, dans les 30 derniĂšres annĂ©es, d'importantes mutations avec un effondrement de la consommation par tĂȘte dans les pays producteurs historiques du sud de l'Europe et l'Ă©mergence de nouveaux acteurs en AmĂ©rique et en OcĂ©anie. Il en est rĂ©sultĂ© un Ă©cart structurel entre l'offre et la demande, gĂ©nĂ©rateur d'instabilitĂ© des prix et des revenus vitivinicoles, principalement dans l'Union europĂ©enne et, plus rĂ©cemment, en Australie. Ce mouvement s'accompagne d'une restructuration de l'offre avec l'Ă©mergence d'un oligopole Ă franges 1, dĂ©jĂ observĂ© dans d'autres secteurs de l'agroalimentaire. Un groupe dominant de puissantes firmes multinationales se met en place, basĂ© sur une stratĂ©gie d'envergure, de forte marketisation des produits et de captation de rĂ©seaux de distribution. Cette stratĂ©gie trouve ses ressources dans une financiarisation croissante de la gouvernance des firmes. Elle interpelle les pouvoirs publics, en particulier europĂ©ens, pour une rĂ©forme du cadre institutionnel sectoriel
Globalization of the world wine market and restructuring of the supply-side
The wine market has experienced major transformations in the past thirty years, with a consumption collapse per capita in the historical Southern European producing
countries and the emergence of new actors in America and Oceania. The result of this was a structural gap between supply and demand, generating wine-growing prices and income instability, mainly in the European Union and, more recently, in Australia. This alteration goes with a restructuring of the supply, with the emergence of an oligopoly with fringes1 already observed in other agrifood sectors. A dominant group of powerful multinational firms has settled in, based on a high-scale strategy, strong
marketing of products and the capture of distribution networks. This strategy finds its financial resources in the growing financialisation of corporate governance. It
appeals to public authorities, especially European ones, for a reform of the institutional sector-based framework
Globalisation du marchĂ© international du vin et restructuration de lâoffre
Egalement disponible en anglaisNational audienceLe marchĂ© du vin a connu, dans les 30 derniĂšres annĂ©es, d'importantes mutations avec un effondrement de la consommation par tĂȘte dans les pays producteurs historiques du sud de l'Europe et l'Ă©mergence de nouveaux acteurs en AmĂ©rique et en OcĂ©anie. Il en est rĂ©sultĂ© un Ă©cart structurel entre l'offre et la demande, gĂ©nĂ©rateur d'instabilitĂ© des prix et des revenus vitivinicoles, principalement dans l'Union europĂ©enne et, plus rĂ©cemment, en Australie. Ce mouvement s'accompagne d'une restructuration de l'offre avec l'Ă©mergence d'un oligopole Ă franges, dĂ©jĂ observĂ© dans d'autres secteurs de l'agroalimentaire. Un groupe dominant de puissantes firmes multinationales se met en place, basĂ© sur une stratĂ©gie d'envergure, de forte marketisation des produits et de captation de rĂ©seaux de distribution. Cette stratĂ©gie trouve ses ressources dans une financiarisation croissante de la gouvernance des firmes. Elle interpelle les pouvoirs publics, en particulier europĂ©ens, pour une rĂ©forme du cadre institutionnel sectoriel
Largest global shark biomass found in the northern GalĂĄpagos Islands of Darwin and Wolf
Overfishing has dramatically depleted sharks and other large predatory fishes worldwide except for a few remote and/or well-protected areas. The islands of Darwin and Wolf in the far north of the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) are known for their large shark abundance, making them a global scuba diving and conservation hotspot. Here we report quantitative estimates of fish abundance at Darwin and Wolf over two consecutive years using stereo-video surveys, which reveal the largest reef fish biomass ever reported (17.5 t ha â 1 on average), consisting largely of sharks. Despite this, the abundance of reef fishes around the GMR, such as groupers, has been severely reduced because of unsustainable fishing practices. Although Darwin and Wolf are within the GMR, they were not fully protected from fishing until March 2016. Given the ecological value and the economic importance of Darwin and Wolf for the dive tourism industry, the current protection should ensure the long-term conservation of this hotspot of unique global value
Afrique â MĂ©diterranĂ©e â Europe : pour une sĂ©curitĂ© et une souverainetĂ© alimentaires durables et partagĂ©es
Le droit Ă l'alimentation est reconnu par la charte universelle des droits de lâhomme des Nations Unies de 1948. Il sâinscrit aujourdâhui dans le cadre plus prĂ©cis de lâalimentation durable et de la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et nutritionnelle dĂ©finies par la FAO en 2010 et 2012. Ce droit se trouve implicitement prĂ©sent dans la plupart des 17 objectifs de dĂ©veloppement durable Ă lâhorizon 2030 adoptĂ©s par lâAssemblĂ©e GĂ©nĂ©rale des Nations Unies fin 2015. Selon le ComitĂ© de la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire mondiale (CSA, 2012) : «âLa sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et nutritionnelle existe lorsque tous les ĂȘtres humains ont, Ă tout moment, un accĂšs physique, social et Ă©conomique Ă une nourriture en quantitĂ© suffisante et de qualitĂ© appropriĂ©e en termes de variĂ©tĂ©, de diversitĂ©, de teneur en nutriments et de sĂ©curitĂ© sanitaire pour satisfaire leurs besoins Ă©nergĂ©tiques et leurs prĂ©fĂ©rences alimentaires et peuvent ainsi mener une vie saine et active, tout en bĂ©nĂ©ficiant dâun environnement sanitaire et de services de santĂ©, dâĂ©ducation et de soins adĂ©quats.» Si lâon accepte cette dĂ©finition, une sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et nutritionnelle durable est loin dâĂȘtre atteinte avec, selon des estimations rĂ©centes, environ 40 % de la population mondiale en situation de malnutrition dont la moitiĂ© par dĂ©ficit et lâautre moitiĂ© par excĂšs. Dans la macro-rĂ©gion constituĂ©e par la Verticale «AME» (Afrique, MĂ©diterranĂ©e, Europe), lâinsĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire est Ă©galement prĂ©occupante, Ă des degrĂ©s divers dans les sous-rĂ©gions considĂ©rĂ©es
Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19
BackgroundWe previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15-20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in similar to 80% of cases.MethodsWe report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded.ResultsNo gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5-528.7, P=1.1x10(-4)) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR=3.70[95%CI 1.3-8.2], P=2.1x10(-4)). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR=19.65[95%CI 2.1-2635.4], P=3.4x10(-3)), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR=4.40[9%CI 2.3-8.4], P=7.7x10(-8)). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD]=43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P=1.68x10(-5)).ConclusionsRare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old