GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING AND DESIGNING PAYMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES SCHEMES

Abstract Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is an economic instrument that aims to reconcile the conservation of ecosystem services (ES) with the economic interests of the actors involved. In order to guide decision-makers in the process of structuring and planning PES schemes, this article analyzed Brazilian schemes against the best practices recommended in the scientific literature. As a result, monitoring the ES provision or its proxies and spatial segmentation were practices observed in Brazilian schemes in line with literature recommendations. The same did not happen with practices: flexible and/or adaptable contracts and payments greater than provision costs. These results are useful to reinforce strengths and point out possible vulnerabilities in the design of PES schemes, contributing to the improvement of both new and ongoing initiatives

A proteção de áreas naturais no contexto do planejamento territorial municipal: estudos de caso na Zona Costeira do Estado de São Paulo

Os municípios que abrigam unidades de conservação em seu território apresentam um papel decisivo para a proteção dessas áreas. Por meio de instrumentos de ordenamento territorial, como o plano diretor e o zoneamento ambiental, o município pode definir uma ocupação antrópica mais adequada à conservação ambiental no entorno das áreas protegidas, presentes em seu território. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo investigar o potencial dos instrumentos de planejamento territorial, principalmente o plano diretor na proteção das áreas naturais, em especial, as unidades de conservação. O projeto foi desenvolvido em municípios integrantes da Zona Costeira do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os planos diretores apresentaram situações diversificadas quanto à maneira como abordaram a questão da presença e da proteção da unidade de conservação no território do município. A metade dos planos diretores analisados apresentou características que foram associadas com a proteção das UCs, reafirmando o potencial desse instrumento de planejamento territorial na proteção das áreas naturais existentes no município

Weaknesses and challenges on spatial planning of rural areas in Brazil

É necessário que as áreas rurais sejam pensadas e planejadas de forma integrada às áreas urbanas, uma vez que há uma relação de trocas de matéria e energia constante entre elas e que as tornam dependentes uma da outra. Entretanto, esta ainda aparenta ser uma prática deficiente em boa parte dos municípios brasileiros. Este trabalho busca identificar as deficiências e desafios quanto ao planejamento territorial de áreas rurais no Brasil e dar contribuições ao debate. É dada atenção ao Plano Diretor municipal como instrumento de planejamento territorial e à sua esperada relação com o rural e com instrumentos de planejamento ambiental. Constata-se uma distancia entre a teoria e a prática, ainda que haja instrumentos para tal, indicando a necessidade de maior integração entre estes, entre as escalas e recortes de trabalho, e entre as perspectivas de planejamento urbana e ambiental, reforçando a importância da visão regional neste processo31221Rural and urban areas should be designed and planned in an integrated way, once there is a constant exchange of matter and energy between them, which makes them dependent on each other. However, there is no optimistic expectation that this is a common practice among the Brazilian municipalities. This paper seeks to identify the weaknesses and challenges faced by spatial planning of rural areas in Brazil and give contributions to the debate. Attention is given to the Municipal Master plan as an instrument of spatial planning, and to its relation with rural issues and with other environmental planning tools. There seems to be a distance between theory and practice, even though, there are instruments available to do so, suggesting the necessity of deeper integration between them, between scales and areas of work and, between the two planning perspectives, reinforcing the regional planning approach in this proces

Rural areas in planning: proposal of a basic framework to prepare municipal master plan

Grande enfoque é dado ao planejamento urbano enquanto é observada e aprofundada a necessidade de ampliar a atenção e discussão sobre o planejamento territorial de áreas rurais no Brasil. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo a proposição de uma estrutura base para nortear a elaboração e revisão do Plano Diretor Municipal considerando propostas existentes e fortalecendo a articulação do Plano Diretor com outros instrumentos de planejamento oriundos da política ambiental. Para tanto, buscou na teoria de planejamento ambiental, pontos chave para nortear a proposta, como, por exemplo, levantamento e análise de forma integrada de aspectos físicos, biológicos e culturais, inclusão de valores sociais, integração entre diferentes recortes e escalas de planejamento e participação pública. Baseado em revisão bibliográfica e documental, permitiu mesclar elementos da perspectiva ambiental à perspectiva urbanística, reforçando a necessidade de trabalhar tais perspectivas, seus planos e instrumentos de forma complementar e integrada411537Major focus is given to urban planning, while the necessity of going deeper and wider in the discussion and attention over rural areas spatial planning is observed in Brazil. In this sense, this paper has as goal to propose a basic framework to guide the processes of elaboration and revision of the Municipal Master Plan, taking into account other existing frameworks and reinforcing the interrelation between the Master Plan and other planning tools related to environmental policy. In order to do so, environmental planning theory was consulted and key points were selected to guide the proposal, such as, integrated survey and analysis of physical, biological and cultural aspects, inclusion of social values, integration between different territorial areas and planning scales and public participation. Based on bibliographical and documentary review, it allowed to merge elements from the environmental to the urban planning perspective, reinforcing the need to work these perspectives, plans and instruments in an integrated wa

Socioeconomic and environmental impacts of water markets: a literature review

The water market is an economic instrument for the water allocation among different users, particularly in locations and periods of water scarcity. Although several authors defend the instrument as beneficial for the conservation and efficient use of water resources, other effects, such as issues of equity, sustainability and environmental impacts need to be assessed. This article focuses on identifying the economic, social and environmental impacts of water markets through a review of the literature. The searches were conducted in Scopus and Web of Science bases, where 235 studies were screened. 48 of these studies were included in the review, and most of them report only economic impacts, such as effects on landowners’ income, agricultural production and efficiency of water use. On the other hand, social and environmental impacts were poorly evaluated by the studies. Social impacts mainly include issues of distribution of market benefits and access to water and rights. Of the environmental impacts, the effects on the environmental flow of rivers and reservoirs, as well as on the levels in the aquifers, stand out. It is concluded that the literature is still incipient in documenting the impacts of water markets in terms of diversity of effects, and further studies are needed to assess environmental impacts and equity and justice in access to water

Popular pastorals and protected areas: conflict mediation in the context of Political Ecology

Neste trabalho objetiva-se compreender o papel do padre João 30, representante da Pastoral dos Pescadores de Cananéia, São Paulo, enquanto “mediador de conflitos” entre o Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC) e as comunidades tradicionais que já viviam no território antes da criação daquela Unidade de Conservação. O trabalho está alicerçado na Ecologia Política e metodologicamente balizado pela análise de conteúdo das atas do Conselho Gestor do PEIC, complementada por entrevistas com membros de comunidades caiçaras da Ilha do Cardoso e blog dedicado à trajetória do padre. Os resultados mostram a articulação do clérigo às demandas das comunidades que assistia e revelam seu interesse pela conservação da natureza. Considera-se que a categoria “mediação de conflitos” é um dispositivo relevante no âmbito da Ecologia Política.This paper aims to understand the role of the catholic priest João 30 as a conflict mediator. The priest is a representative of Pastoral dos Pescadores of Cananéia, São Paulo (Brazil) and mediated the problems between Ilha do Cardoso State Park (PEIC) and the traditional communities that already lived in the territory before the Park creation. The work is based on Political Ecology and applied: a content analysis of the PEIC Management Council minutes, interviews with members of the “caiçara” communities in Ilha do Cardoso and a blog dedicated to the priest trajectory. The results disclose the priest’s articulation of the community demands and reveal his interest in nature conservation. The category “conflict mediation” is considered a relevant device in Political Ecology

COMPENSAÇÃO AMBIENTAL COMO FONTE DE RECURSOS PARA UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO: SITUAÇÃO ATUAL E ASPECTOS POLÊMICOS

A compensação ambiental é considerada um instrumento que visa garantir à sociedade um ressarcimento pelos danos causados à biodiversidade por empreendimentos de significativo impacto ambiental. A partir do ano de 2000 a Lei Federal 9.985 que instituiu o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, também tornou obrigatória a destinação desse recurso para a criação e gestão de unidades de conservação. No presente trabalho são discutidos aspectos positivos e negativos da compensação ambiental como fonte de recursos para as unidades de conservação e são apresentados dados referentes aos recursos provenientes do licenciamento de empreendimentos realizados junto ao órgão ambiental federal, assim como sua destinação. Os resultados demonstram que a compensação ambiental representa uma oportunidade para a melhoria do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conversão, porém as unidades de conservação mais beneficiadas seriam aquelas que estão expostas ao maior número de empreendimentos de significativo impacto ambiental, o que pode representar uma ameaça a própria existência e ao alcance dos objetivos dessas áreas

Goodbye Hartmann trial: a prospective, international, multicenter, observational study on the current use of a surgical procedure developed a century ago

Background: Literature suggests colonic resection and primary anastomosis (RPA) instead of Hartmann's procedure (HP) for the treatment of left-sided colonic emergencies. We aim to evaluate the surgical options globally used to treat patients with acute left-sided colonic emergencies and the factors that leading to the choice of treatment, comparing HP and RPA. Methods: This is a prospective, international, multicenter, observational study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A total 1215 patients with left-sided colonic emergencies who required surgery were included from 204 centers during the period of March 1, 2020, to May 31, 2020. with a 1-year follow-up. Results: 564 patients (43.1%) were females. The mean age was 65.9 ± 15.6 years. HP was performed in 697 (57.3%) patients and RPA in 384 (31.6%) cases. Complicated acute diverticulitis was the most common cause of left-sided colonic emergencies (40.2%), followed by colorectal malignancy (36.6%). Severe complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3b) were higher in the HP group (P < 0.001). 30-day mortality was higher in HP patients (13.7%), especially in case of bowel perforation and diffused peritonitis. 1-year follow-up showed no differences on ostomy reversal rate between HP and RPA. (P = 0.127). A backward likelihood logistic regression model showed that RPA was preferred in younger patients, having low ASA score (≤ 3), in case of large bowel obstruction, absence of colonic ischemia, longer time from admission to surgery, operating early at the day working hours, by a surgeon who performed more than 50 colorectal resections. Conclusions: After 100 years since the first Hartmann's procedure, HP remains the most common treatment for left-sided colorectal emergencies. Treatment's choice depends on patient characteristics, the time of surgery and the experience of the surgeon. RPA should be considered as the gold standard for surgery, with HP being an exception

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis