PRONÓSTICO DE DEMANDA USANDO REDES NEURONALES ARTIFICIALES COMO HERRAMIENTA TECNOLÓGICA EN LOS PROCESOS DE LAS EMPRESAS

Este artículo muestra la aplicación de las redes neuronales artificiales (RNA) en pronósticos de demanda en una empresa concretera. El objetivo fue comparar la exactitud de pronóstico obtenida al utilizar RNA en contraste con la obtenida a través de los modelos tradicionales para pronosticar utilizados actualmente por la empresa y, de esta forma constatar que es posible conseguir una exactitud mayor en los pronósticos de demanda al utilizar RNA. Para el desarrollo se utilizó la metodología de modelos de redes simples perceptrón multicapa y se realizó con el uso de datos extraídos de los programas de la empresa. Al evaluar los pasos anterioresse pudo concluir que la técnica que proporciono mayor exactitud del pronóstico es RNA, los resultados se pueden apreciar en la figura 5. &nbsp

II Jornadas de Cooperación Educativa sobre Mujeres, Paz y Educación

Las Jornadas contaron con la participación de representantes de los Ministerios y Secretarías de Educación y de los Organismos de Igualdad de Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, España, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, República Dominicana, Uruguay y Venezuela. En las distintas ponencias y talleres se exploran las posibles acciones que por parte de los Ministerios se realizan dentro de los sistemas educativos iberoamericanos, para colaborar eficiente y eficazmente con las tareas de los organismos o mecanismos gubernamentales de igualdad en la prevención y atención de las formas diversas de la violencia de género y domestica.Ministerio Educación CIDEES

Crítica del derecho y del Estado frente a la reconfiguración del capital : pensamiento y praxis

De entre las miradas posibles para analizar la dinámica global y sus contradicciones, los estudios que promueve la Asociación Nuestroamericana de Estudios Interdisciplinarios de la Crítica Jurídica tienen como eje medular el análisis del estado y del derecho; se inscriben en los estudios críticos del derecho crítica en el sentido de la crítica a la lógica destructiva del capital desde su raíz y no sólo en sus manifestaciones fenomenológicas, y buscan no sólo describir sino explicar al estado y al derecho moderno hegemónicos, procurando ir más allá de su discurso, esto es, anclando su análisis en las relaciones sociales de dominación capitalista, es decir, en la mercantilización de la vida en su conjunto. En esta línea de análisis se inscribe el Encuentro Nuestroamericano de Pensamiento y Praxis en el marco de los trabajos del Grupo de Trabajo Derecho, clases y reconfiguraciòn del capital, celebrado del 16 al 20 de octubre de 2017 en México, cuyos trabajos de investigación se aglutinan en este libro. El libro se expone en dos partes, en razón del interés que persigue el grupo. La primera parte se integra por textos que nos brindan algunas claves teóricas y metdologócias para la comprensión del derecho como dominación, pero también como disputa por su sentido. La segunda parte se integra por las aportaciones de estudios de caso concreto que muestran al derecho en esta misma tensión

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research