Rapid Reactivation of Deep Subsurface Microbes in the Presence of C-1 Compounds

Microorganisms in the deep biosphere are believed to conduct little metabolic activity due to low nutrient availability in these environments. However, destructive penetration to long-isolated bedrock environments during construction of underground waste repositories can lead to increased nutrient availability and potentially affect the long-term stability of the repository systems, Here, we studied how microorganisms present in fracture fluid from a depth of 500 m in Outokumpu, Finland, respond to simple carbon compounds (C-1 compounds) in the presence or absence of sulphate as an electron acceptor. C-1 compounds such as methane and methanol are important intermediates in the deep subsurface carbon cycle, and electron acceptors such as sulphate are critical components of oxidation processes. Fracture fluid samples were incubated in vitro with either methane or methanol in the presence or absence of sulphate as an electron acceptor. Metabolic response was measured by staining the microbial cells with fluorescent dyes that indicate metabolic activity and transcriptional response with RT-qPCR. Our results show that deep subsurface microbes exist in dormant states but rapidly reactivate their transcription and respiration systems in the presence of C-1 substrates, particularly methane. Microbial activity was further enhanced by the addition of sulphate as an electron acceptor. Sulphate- and nitrate-reducing microbes were particularly responsive to the addition of C-1 compounds and sulphate. These taxa are common in deep biosphere environments and may be affected by conditions disturbed by bedrock intrusion, as from drilling and excavation for long-term storage of hazardous waste.Peer reviewe

Rock Surface Fungi in Deep Continental Biosphere—Exploration of Microbial Community Formation with Subsurface In Situ Biofilm Trap

Fungi have an important role in nutrient cycling in most ecosystems on Earth, yet their ecology and functionality in deep continental subsurface remain unknown. Here, we report the first observations of active fungal colonization of mica schist in the deep continental biosphere and the ability of deep subsurface fungi to attach to rock surfaces under in situ conditions in groundwater at 500 and 967 m depth in Precambrian bedrock. We present an in situ subsurface biofilm trap, designed to reveal sessile microbial communities on rock surface in deep continental groundwater, using Outokumpu Deep Drill Hole, in eastern Finland, as a test site. The observed fungal phyla in Outokumpu subsurface were Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota. In addition, significant proportion of the community represented unclassified Fungi. Sessile fungal communities on mica schist surfaces differed from the planktic fungal communities. The main bacterial phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteriota. Biofilm formation on rock surfaces is a slow process and our results indicate that fungal and bacterial communities dominate the early surface attachment process, when pristine mineral surfaces are exposed to deep subsurface ecosystems. Various fungi showed statistically significant cross-kingdom correlation with both thiosulfate and sulfate reducing bacteria, e.g., SRB2 with fungi Debaryomyces hansenii

К 75 -ЛЕТИЮ ВАЛЕРИЯ ИВАНОВИЧА ЧИССОВА

The 75th birth anniversary of Valeriy I. Chissov.К 75 -летию ВАЛЕРИЯ ИВАНОВИЧА Чиссова лауреата Государственных премий РФ и пемии Правительства РФ, заслуженного деятеля науки РФ, заслуженного врача России, академика РАН, доктора медицинских наук, профессора

Rock Surface Fungi in Deep Continental Biosphere—Exploration of Microbial Community Formation with Subsurface In Situ Biofilm Trap

Fungi have an important role in nutrient cycling in most ecosystems on Earth, yet their ecology and functionality in deep continental subsurface remain unknown. Here, we report the first observations of active fungal colonization of mica schist in the deep continental biosphere and the ability of deep subsurface fungi to attach to rock surfaces under in situ conditions in groundwater at 500 and 967 m depth in Precambrian bedrock. We present an in situ subsurface biofilm trap, designed to reveal sessile microbial communities on rock surface in deep continental groundwater, using Outokumpu Deep Drill Hole, in eastern Finland, as a test site. The observed fungal phyla in Outokumpu subsurface were Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota. In addition, significant proportion of the community represented unclassified Fungi. Sessile fungal communities on mica schist surfaces differed from the planktic fungal communities. The main bacterial phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteriota. Biofilm formation on rock surfaces is a slow process and our results indicate that fungal and bacterial communities dominate the early surface attachment process, when pristine mineral surfaces are exposed to deep subsurface ecosystems. Various fungi showed statistically significant cross-kingdom correlation with both thiosulfate and sulfate reducing bacteria, e.g., SRB2 with fungi Debaryomyces hansenii

PENGGUNAAN HIDROLISAT JERAMI PADI (Oryza sativa Linn) SEBAGAI BAHAN DASAR PRODUKSI BIOPLASTIK POLI(3-HIDROKSIBUTIRAT) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BAKTERI Bacillus cereus

Jerami padi merupakan limbah biomasssa berselulosa yang berlimpah, dan belum banyak dimanfaatkan. Pada penelitian ini, jerami padi digunakan sebagai sumber karbon dalam fermentasi bakteri untuk produksi biopolimer poli(3-hidroksibutirat), P(3HB). Jerami padi diubah menjadi bentuk hidrolisat menggunakan enzim selulase yang diproduksi oleh fungi Trichoderma viride. Hidrolisat dengan konsentrasi 20, 40, 60, 80 % difermentasi menggunakan inokulum bakteri Bacillus cereus dengan konsentrasi 1, 5, dan 10 %. Kandungan P(3HB) dalam biomassa ditentukan dengan kromatografi gas. Hasil menunjukkan biomassa tertinggi yaitu sebesar 84 mg/100mL pada konsentrasi hidrolisat jerami padi 80% dan inokulum 10%. Kandungan P(3HB) tertinggi dihasilkan sebesar 75,8% pada konsentrasi hidrolisat jerami padi 60% dan inokulum 10%. Kata kunci: jerami padi, fermentasi, poli(3-hidroksibutirat

Markkinointiviestintäsuunnitelma Pop Up -joulukaupalle

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli suunnitella Pop up -joulukaupan markkinointiviestintää. Ensimmäisenä tavoitteena oli perehtyä markkinointiviestinnän suunnitteluun. Toisena tavoitteena oli perehtyä mainonnan eri keinoihin ja kolmantena tavoitteena oli laatia markkinointiviestintäsuunnitelma Pop up -joulukaupalle. Työn teoreettinen viitekehys muodostui markkinointiviestinnästä ja markkinointi-viestinnän suunnittelusta kokonaisuutena. Kolmas luku muodostui markkinointi-viestinnän keinoista, joita voidaan käyttää. Työssä analysoitiin yrityksen nykytilannetta. Työssä myös määriteltiin tavoitteet, kohderyhmä, budjetti, käytettävät keinot, aikataulutus sekä seuranta. Haastattelut tehtiin toisille yrittäjille, jotka ovat olleet mukana Pop up -kaupassa. Kysymykset koskivat heidän markkinointiviestintäänsä ja mainontaansa. Haastatteluista selvisi, miten he ovat mainostaneet omaa liikettään ja millä budjetilla. Tavoite, joka asetettiin tälle opinnäytetyölle, saatiin saavutettua siltä osin, että Pop up -kaupalle saatiin toimiva ja käytännöllinen markkinointiviestintäsuunnitelma, vaikka kauppaa ei avatakaan tänä vuonna.The purpose of this thesis was to plan Pop up store´s marketing communication. The first aim for this thesis was to become familiar with marketing communication planning. The second aim was to become familiar with different advertising means and the third aim was to compose a marketing communication plan for Pop up Christmas store. With this plan, the principal gets help for planning the marketing and can focus on other important issues. The theoretical framework consists of marketing communication and marketing communication planning as a whole. The third chapter consists of the means that can be used in marketing communication. In the marketing plan, the present state of the store was analyzed. The marketing plan defines the objectives, target group, the budget, the means that will be used, scheduling and observing. In the interviews, other entrepreneurs who have been a part of a Pop up store were interviewed. The questions were about their marketing communication and advertising. From the interviews, it became clear how they advertised their own stores and what their budgets were. The aim set for this thesis was partially achieved: the Pop up store got a functional and practical marketing communication plan, even if the store was not opened in the current year

Biofouling on Coated Carbon Steel in Cooling Water Cycles Using Brackish Seawater

Water cooling utilizing natural waters is typically used for cooling large industrial facilities such as power plants. The cooling water cycles are susceptible to biofouling and scaling, which may reduce heat transfer capacity and enhance corrosion. The performance of two fouling-release coatings combined with hypochlorite treatment were studied in a power plant utilizing brackish sea water from the Baltic Sea for cooling. The effect of hypochlorite as an antifouling biocide on material performance and species composition of microfouling formed on coated surfaces was studied during the summer and autumn. Microfouling on surfaces of the studied fouling-release coatings was intensive in the cooling water cycle during the warm summer months. As in most cases in a natural water environment the fouling consisted of both inorganic fouling and biofouling. Chlorination decreased the bacterial number on the surfaces by 10–1000 fold, but the efficacy depended on the coating. In addition to decreasing the bacterial number, the chlorination also changed the microbial species composition, forming the biofilm on the surfaces of two fouling-release coatings. TeknoTar coating was proven to be more efficient in combination with the hypochlorite treatment against microfouling under these experimental conditions