Spanning trees for the geometry and dynamics of compact polymers

Using a mapping of compact polymers on the Manhattan lattice to spanning trees, we calculate exactly the average number of bends at infinite temperature. We then find, in a high temperature approximation, the energy of the system as a function of bending rigidity and polymer elasticity. We identify the universal mechanism for the relaxation of compact polymers and then endow the model with physically motivated dynamics in the convenient framework of the trees. We find aging and domain coarsening after quenches in temperature. We explain the slow dynamics in terms of the geometrical interconnections between the energy and the dynamics.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure

The teratogenic effect of lamotrigine on vertebral column, sternum and ribs of mice fetus

زمینه و هدف: یکی از مهمترین عوارض مصرف داروهای ضد صرع در دوران بارداری خطر افزایش ناهنجاری های جنینی در نوزادان می باشد. لاموتریژین یکی از داروهای جدید ضد صرع می باشد که علاوه بر درمان صرع در درمان بسیاری از بیماری های مزمن عصبی نیز استفاده می شود. در مورد اثرات تراتوژنیک این دارو گزارش های کم و متناقضی در دسترس می باشد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیرات تراتوژنیک داروی لاموتریژین بر روی اسکلت جنین موش های تحت درمان این دارو انجام شده است. روش بررسی: این مطالعه از نوع تجربی است که 150 سر موش سوری حامله به چهار گروه تقسیم شدند. گروه اول (کنترل) هیچ ماده ای دریافت نکردند گروه دوم (شم) اتانول به صورت داخل صفاقی دریافت کردند، گروه سوم (مورد 1) mg/kg 25 و گروه چهارم (مورد 2) mg/kg 75 لاموتریژین سه مرتبه در روز به روش داخل صفاقی دریافت کردند. شروع تزریق برای هر سه گروه از روز 9 تا 18 حاملگی بود. در روز 18 جنین ها از رحم مادر خارج شده و با استفاده از آلزارین رد و آلسین بلو رنگ آمیزی گردیدند. در این روش استخوانها قرمز، غضروفها آبی و بافت نرم شفاف می گردد. سپس ناهنجاری های موجود در ستون مهره ها، استرنوم و دنده در چهار گروه بررسی و با استفاده از تست آماری کای دو و به کمک نرم افزار SPSS مقایسه شدند. یافته ها: در گروههای تحت درمان با لاموتریژین انواع ناهنجاری های اسکلتی افزایش یافته (001/0

Metabolic Acidosis: Determinant of Hospital Mortality of Patients with Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning

Background: Rice Tablet, with the scientific chemical name of aluminum phosphide (ALP), is the most common pesticides and insecticides agent in agriculture, horticulture and is used to protect beans, cereals, and rice. Poisoning with this tablet is associated with a high mortality rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients who committed suicide with rice tablets and referred to Sina Hospital, Tabriz, during the years 2011-2015.Methods: In a routine data base study that was conducted at Sina Hospital affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, medical records of patients with suicide attempt with rice tablets during the years 2011-2015 were evaluated. During the mentioned period, 90 patients with rice tablet poisoning were admitted to the hospital. The required information was recorded in the check list.Results: Out of 90 patients, 72 patients (80%) had ALP tablets poisoning. The mean age of subjects was 27.52±0.13 years. In patients with ALP poisoning, the mean of mean arterial pressure (MAP), serum pH, serum bicarbonate, and arterial oxygen saturation between two groups (with or without mortality) were statistically significant (P value˂0.001). All variables are related to admission time in the emergency department. To determine the prognostic value of these variables in predicting mortality in patients with ALP poisoning logistic regression was used and only serum bicarbonate can predict mortality with P value=0.011.Conclusion: The results of the current study show that the survival of patients with ALP poisoning is associated with MAP, pH, and serum HCo3, arterial blood oxygen saturation at the time of admission in the emergency department. Next prospective studies are recommended for more accurate evaluation of the effect of these variables on the patients' survival

Genetic variation in hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) using RAPD markers

In this study, we report the use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to determine genetic relationships in the genus Crataegus. Five species, including Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus meyeri, Crataegus aronia, Crataegus pentagyna and Crataegus pontica were chosen from northwest forests of Iran and analyzed. Nine RAPD primers reproducibly and strongly generated 101 discrete markers. Seventy six (76) of these were polymorphic (75.25%), with an average of 11.2 markers per primer. Jaccard’s distance coefficient based on RAPD markers indicated that the relative genetic distance between species is high, ranging from a minimum of 0.575 between C. monogyna and C. meyeri to a maximum of 0.728 between C. aronia and C. monogyna. Dendrogram was constructed based on unweighted pair group method analysis (UPGMA) from RAPD data. The range in similarity coefficient indicated high genetic distance among the species of this genus. However, low variation (0.575 to 0.728) in genetic distance for Crataegus in northwest forests of Iran is also evident.Key words: Crataegus, RAPD, genetic variation, Jaccard’s coefficient

Genetic relationships among Rosa species based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers

To investigate the genetic diversity of Rosa accessions, random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) approach was employed. Nine of ten primers amplified 138 scorable RAPD loci with 111 polymorphic bands (80%). Percentages of polymorphic bands ranged from 75 to 100%. Sizes of amplified DNA fragments ranged from 250 to 6000 bp and were used for statistical analyses. Cluster analysis based on presence-absence of bands used Jaccard similarity coefficient and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). Genetic similarities between Rosa cultivars ranged from 0.42 to 0.84. The dendrogram revealed two main clusters, revealing considerable genetic diversity among these cultivars. Cluster I was divided into two subgroups. RAPD proves a useful tool for evaluating genetic diversity and relationships among different rose cultivars.Key words: Genetic diversity, (random amplified polymorphism DNA) RAPD markers, polymorphism, Rosaceae

The role of tourism industry in the GDP growth of hamedan province

One of the strategies of increasing the foreign currency income which leads to economical growth in today's world is tourism industry. The extent to which the tourism industry can play an important role in the cities' economical growth and development is an issue worth thinking about. In reviewing the economical role of the cities and taking it into consideration as a system, tourism can be considered as one of the economical subsystems with an effect on cities' economical growth and development. Given that the tourism industry of Hamedan is the independent variable and economical growth and development are the dependent variable in this research, thus the researcher reviewed the role of tourism industry and entrance of the tourist and the earnings obtained from Hamedan's tourism on GDP growth and attempted to answer this question: is there a significant relationship between tourism industry and economical growth and development of the city Hamedan? The researcher, by gathering the information and data obtained from statistical yearbook and economical analyses of the province from 2000 to 2014 and by using the SPSS software, came to the conclusion that there is no positive relationship between entrance of tourists and growth of gross domestic production (GDP).Keywords: Tourism, GDP, Hamedan Province, Entrance of Tourists, Economical Growt

The effect of 12 weeks regular physical activity and vitamin E in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A pilot study

Background: Despite the prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), there was no treatment has been proven to be effective in these common diseases. Although many studies have shown that lifestyle modifications such as increasing physical activities and exercise could be effective in the treatment of these common diseases, the optimal strategy was still not determined. According to the beneficial effects of antioxidant agents in the treatment of NASH, vitamin E has been used for this purpose by some clinicians. We designed this study for assessing beneficial effects of regular physical activity on the biochemical and imaging responses in patients with NASH and comparing this with vitamin E as an accepted treatment for NASH. Materials and Methods: This study was Randomized and single-blind clinical trials were carried out in Gonbad-e Kavus through which a total of 30 consecutive patients with the ultra sonographic diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)were enrolled and randomized to one of the three groups: Vitamin E 800 mg/day, regular physical activity, or both. Results: In all treatment groups improvement in liver transaminases level, serum lipids and ultrasonographic grading of fatty liver occurred after three months of treatment. When these decrement was compared between the treatment groups, there was no statistically significant difference in the value of improvement between the three groups (ANOVA: p>0.5). I.e. all three interventions improved the biochemical and ultrasonographic finding of fatty liver in the same way. Both groups with regular exercise had significant mean weight loss in comparison with the vitamin E group (a mean decrease of 3.0 kg in exercise group, 5.8 kg in subjects on regular exercise plus vitamin E and 0.2 kg in vitamin E group, ANOVA: p=0.04). Conclusion: There were no significant differences between exercise and vitamin E alone or in combination regarding the reduction in the level of liver enzymes and sonographic evidences of fatty liver although both resulted in significant improvements in biochemical endpoints. This implies that physical activity could be considered as effective as vitamin E in the improvement of biochemical and ultrasonographic presentations of NASH and the addition of Vitamin E does not offer any benefits. According to the findings of this pilot study a full-powered study with a control group should be designed. © 2015, Iranian Association of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. All rights reserved

The effect of 12 weeks regular physical activity and vitamin E in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A pilot study

Background: Despite the prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), there was no treatment has been proven to be effective in these common diseases. Although many studies have shown that lifestyle modifications such as increasing physical activities and exercise could be effective in the treatment of these common diseases, the optimal strategy was still not determined. According to the beneficial effects of antioxidant agents in the treatment of NASH, vitamin E has been used for this purpose by some clinicians. We designed this study for assessing beneficial effects of regular physical activity on the biochemical and imaging responses in patients with NASH and comparing this with vitamin E as an accepted treatment for NASH. Materials and Methods: This study was Randomized and single-blind clinical trials were carried out in Gonbad-e Kavus through which a total of 30 consecutive patients with the ultra sonographic diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)were enrolled and randomized to one of the three groups: Vitamin E 800 mg/day, regular physical activity, or both. Results: In all treatment groups improvement in liver transaminases level, serum lipids and ultrasonographic grading of fatty liver occurred after three months of treatment. When these decrement was compared between the treatment groups, there was no statistically significant difference in the value of improvement between the three groups (ANOVA: p>0.5). I.e. all three interventions improved the biochemical and ultrasonographic finding of fatty liver in the same way. Both groups with regular exercise had significant mean weight loss in comparison with the vitamin E group (a mean decrease of 3.0 kg in exercise group, 5.8 kg in subjects on regular exercise plus vitamin E and 0.2 kg in vitamin E group, ANOVA: p=0.04). Conclusion: There were no significant differences between exercise and vitamin E alone or in combination regarding the reduction in the level of liver enzymes and sonographic evidences of fatty liver although both resulted in significant improvements in biochemical endpoints. This implies that physical activity could be considered as effective as vitamin E in the improvement of biochemical and ultrasonographic presentations of NASH and the addition of Vitamin E does not offer any benefits. According to the findings of this pilot study a full-powered study with a control group should be designed. © 2015, Iranian Association of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. All rights reserved

Optimization and validation of a HPLC method for simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone using experimental design.

A reversed-phase HPLC optimization strategy is presented for investigating the separation and retention behavior of aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1, G 2, ochratoxin A and zearalenone, simultaneously. A fractional factorial design (FFD) was used to screen the significance effect of seven independent variables on chromatographic responses. The independent variables used were: (X1) column oven temperature (20-40°C), (X2) flow rate (0.8-1.2 ml/min), (X3) acid concentration in aqueous phase (0-2%), (X4) organic solvent percentage at the beginning (40-50%), and (X5) at the end (50-60%) of the gradient mobile phase, as well as (X6) ratio of methanol/acetonitrile at the beginning (1-4) and (X7) at the end (0-1) of gradient mobile phase. Responses of chromatographic analysis were resolution of mycotoxin peaks and HPLC run time. A central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM) was then carried out for optimization of the most significant factors by multiple regression models for response variables. The proposed optimal method using 40°C oven temperature, 1 ml/min flow rate, 0.1% acetic acid concentration in aqueous phase, 41% organic phase (beginning), 60% organic phase (end), 1.92 ratio of methanol to acetonitrile (beginning) and 0.2 ratio (end) for X1-X7, respectively, showed good prediction ability between the experimental data and predictive values throughout the studied parameter space. Finally, the optimized method was validated by measuring the linearity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision parameters, and has been applied successfully to the analysis of spiked cereal samples