Polyethersulfone mixed matrix membrane containing imprinted zeolite for cresol removal in hemodialysis application

The adequacy of uremic toxins removal on hemodialysis treatment is essential to be achieved for kidney failure disease patient, as poor removal leads to heart failure, hypertension, and stroke. The combination of adsorption and diffusion process has become very advantageous for hemodialysis membrane. By this mechanism, the urea as water soluble uremic toxins (WSUT) and p-cresol as protein-bounded uremic toxins (PBUT) could be removed at one time. Therefore, this study aimed to develop the novel imprinted zeolite by p-cresol (IZC) then incorporated into polyethersulfone (PES) and poly(vinyl pyrollidone) (PVP) to produce hollow fiber mixed matrix membrane (HF-MMM). IZC was synthesized from sodium aluminate, NaOH, H2O and SiO2 through aging and hydrothermal process with an initial composition of 10SiO2:Al2O3:4Na2O:180H2O by using imprinting technology and p-cresol as a template. Based on the properties and performance achieved, IZC could increase the selectivity to adsorb p-cresol 4.30 times greater compared to synthesized Zeolite Y (ZeoY-S). Adsorption study proved that IZC could adsorb p-cresol 2.5 and 3.5 times higher than ZeoY-S and commercialized zeolite Y (ZeoY-C), respectively. This is because the pore size of IZC had been successfully printed to p-cresol. The Brunauer-Emmet-Teller and transmission electron microscopy characterization proved that imprinting process was successfully applied. The investigation by isotherm and kinetics models showed that IZC was sensitive to attract the adsorbate, classifying it as having a strong adsorption behavior. Accordingly, the IZC is very promising to be applied as adsorbent in hemodialysis treatment. In the second phase, IZC as p-cresol’s adsorbent was incorporated into PES-based polymeric membrane with small addition of PVP to produce HF-MMM by using dry/wet spinning process. The effect of air gap distance between spinneret and coagulant bath and percentage loading for PES, PVP, and IZC were studied and optimized to obtain the best performance of HF-MMM. The 40 cm of air gap distance, 16 wt.% of PES, 2 wt.% of PVP, and 1 wt.% of IZC loading were able to produce superior hemodialysis membrane. These optimized parameters showed sufficient uremic toxins removal i.e. 60.74% of urea, 52.35% of p-cresol in phosphate buffer saline solution and 66.29% of p-cresol in bovine serum albumin solution for 4 hours permeation by using dialysis system. These HF-MMMs also achieved pure water flux of 67.57 Lm-2h-1bar-1 and bovine serum albumin rejection of 95.05%. Therefore, this membrane has been proven to be able to clean up WSUT and PBUT through an one-step process. Moreover, as compared neat PES membrane, MMM was able to remove p-cresol 186.22 times higher. Then, capability of IZC to adsorb p-cresol decreased to around 69% by changing the form of adsorbent from powder to composite in the membrane. By leaching study, it was obtained that percentage of zeolite leaching was less than 1 mgL-1 and categorized safe. In the final phase of the study, the HF-MMM developed was evaluated in terms of biocompatibility test, that is hemocompatiblity by using protein adsorption, platetels adhesion, blood clotting time test, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and cytotoxicity evaluation by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-5(3-carboxymethoxy phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTT assays). From the biocompatibility evaluation HF-MMM was observed to possess less protein adsorption, less activated state of the adhered platelets, non-toxic quality for red blood cells, and can prolong the clotting time and percentage of viability for more than 60%. These results proved that HF-MMM developed is safe for hemodialysis application

Analysis of N-nitrosodiprophylamines Carcinogenic Compound in Meat-Processing using Headspace-Single Drop Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (HS-SDME-GC-FID)

Analysis of N-nitrosodiprophylamines carcinogenic compound in processed meat especially hamburger and kebab had occured by HS-SDME-GC-FID technique. The results were obtained determining the optimum pH was 4, the optimum stirring speed was 6 scale, and the temperature of extraction was 30 ºC. It was obtained in this study that the detection limit of 78 ppb, the percent recovery of 101,18%, precision between 0,089% to 0,566%, and the true enrichment factor was 3372,66 times. From the results of the study was concluded that HS-SDME-GC-FID technique can be used to analyze the carcinogenic compound N-nitrosodiprophylamines (NDPA) found in meat-processing (hamburger and kebab) by the concentration of each samples as follows, hamburger I of 0,27 ppm, hamburger II of 0,73 ppm, hamburger III of 1,39 ppm, and kebab I of 3,13 pp

Analysis of N-nitrosodiprophylamines Carcinogenic Compound in Meat-Processing Using Headspace-Single Drop Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (HS-SDME-GC-FID)

Analysis of N-nitrosodiprophylamines carcinogenic compound in processed meat especially hamburger and kebab had occured by HS-SDME-GC-FID technique. The results were obtained determining the optimum pH was 4, the optimum stirring speed was 6 scale, and the temperature of extraction was 30 ºC. It was obtained in this study that the detection limit of 78 ppb, the percent recovery of 101,18%, precision between 0,089% to 0,566%, and the true enrichment factor was 3372,66 times. From the results of the study was concluded that HS-SDME-GC-FID technique can be used to analyze the carcinogenic compound N-nitrosodiprophylamines (NDPA) found in meat-processing (hamburger and kebab) by the concentration of each samples as follows, hamburger I of 0,27 ppm, hamburger II of 0,73 ppm, hamburger III of 1,39 ppm, and kebab I of 3,13 pp

Aktivitas Material Komposit Berbasis Karbon Aktif dan Titaniun Oksida terhadap Degradasai Fotokatalitik Zat Warna Tekstil

Degradasi fotokatalitik zat warna tekstil remazol brilliant blue menggunakan material komposit karbon aktif dengan titanium oksida (TiO2) kombinasi sinar UV telah berhasil dikembangkan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mencampurkan karbon aktif dengan TiO2 pada larutan yang mengandung zat warna remazol brilliant blue. Larutan kemudian di sinari dengan lampu UV dalam reaktor fotokatalitik yang dilengkapi dengan magnetic stirrer dan lampu UV 3 x 8 watt. Hasil degradasi kemudian dianalisis dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang maksimum (λmaks) 593 nm. Beberapa parameter yang mempengaruhi degradasi fotokatalitik seperti pH larutan sampel dan waktu kontak telah dioptimasi. Hasil degradasi fotokatalitik yang optimum sebesar 89.17 % terjadi pada larutan sampel dengan pH 5.5 dengan waktu optimum degradasai ialah 180 menit

Gelatin-alginate coated cellulose acetate membrane for the extraction of heavy metal ions from water samples

Heavy metal ions are a common water pollutant from industrialized areas and extraction is one of the most popular methods to remove the target analytes. However, extraction and determination of metal ions in water are often very difficult to perform due to their solubility in water. In order to resolve some of the issues in the extraction of trace metal ions from aqueous samples, this study explores newly prepared polyelectrolyte films coated on cellulose acetate membrane as extracting phase. Optimization coating materials showed that gelatin-alginate coated cellulose acetate membrane have the best performance to adsorb metal ions from water. The results open a possibility of the method to be successfully applied as extracting phase to adsorb and enrich heavy metal ions from aqueous matrices

Incorporation of imprinted-zeolite to polyethersulfone/cellulose acetate membrane for creatinine removal in hemodialysis treatment

Polyethersulfon (PES) membrane has been widely used in the biomedical field especially in hemodialysis application. Many modifications of membranes have been applied into hemodialysis such as diffusion, adsorption, and mixed-matrix membrane. The main problem of those membranes is less selectivity to attract the uremic toxins. In this study, we report the modification of PES mixed with cellulose acetate (PES/CA) membrane as mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) using imprinted-zeolite (PES/CA/IZC) in order to increase the selectivity for targeted analyte. The hollow fibre membranes (HFM) were fabricated by dry-wet spinning technique. The successful zeolite A synthesised and was characterised by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The mixed-matrix membranes were characterised in terms of morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), pure water flux (PWF), clearance of creatinine (CC), and BSA adsorption. In accordance with the results of characterisation, the synthesis of zeolite A, and imprinted-zeolite creatinine was successfully fabricated. The SEM results showed that the PES/CA/IZC membrane has uniform pores and fingerlike structure. The same result was obtained for PES/CA membrane, but not for PES/CA/ZA membrane. The WCA of the PES/CA; PES/CA/ZA; and PES/CA/IZC were 85.63; 84.98; and 77.53 (o), respectively. While the PWF were 22.84; 27.57, and 40.52 (Lm-2 h-1), respectively. The addition of imprinted-zeolite into the membrane improved creatinine removal up to 74.99%. It showed that PES/CA/IZC has succeeded in increasing the selectivity of membranes to attract the creatinine as target analyte. Compared to the PES/CA, the creatinine clearance of membranes improved and increased up to 5.2%. For protein rejection, the PES/CA/IZC rejected 79.05% of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Based on these results, it can be concluded that PES/CA/IZC can be considered as hemodialysis membranes.Polyethersulfon (PES) membrane has been widely used in the biomedical field especially in hemodialysis application. Many modifications of membranes have been applied into hemodialysis such as diffusion, adsorption, and mixed-matrix membrane. The main problem of those membranes is less selectivity to attract the uremic toxins. In this study, we report the modification of PES mixed with cellulose acetate (PES/CA) membrane as mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) using imprinted-zeolite (PES/CA/IZC) in order to increase the selectivity for targeted analyte. The hollow fibre membranes (HFM) were fabricated by dry-wet spinning technique. The successful zeolite A synthesised and was characterised by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The mixed-matrix membranes were characterised in terms of morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), pure water flux (PWF), clearance of creatinine (CC), and BSA adsorption. In accordance with the results of characterisation, the synthesis of zeolite A, and imprinted-zeolite creatinine was successfully fabricated. The SEM results showed that the PES/CA/IZC membrane has uniform pores and fingerlike structure. The same result was obtained for PES/CA membrane, but not for PES/CA/ZA membrane. The WCA of the PES/CA; PES/CA/ZA; and PES/CA/IZC were 85.63; 84.98; and 77.53 (o), respectively. While the PWF were 22.84; 27.57, and 40.52 (Lm-2 h-1), respectively. The addition of imprinted-zeolite into the membrane improved creatinine removal up to 74.99%. It showed that PES/CA/IZC has succeeded in increasing the selectivity of membranes to attract the creatinine as target analyte. Compared to the PES/CA, the creatinine clearance of membranes improved and increased up to 5.2%. For protein rejection, the PES/CA/IZC rejected 79.05% of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Based on these results, it can be concluded that PES/CA/IZC can be considered as hemodialysis membranes

Seawater desalination by modified membrane distillation: Effect of hydrophilic surface modifying macromolecules addition into pvdf hollow fiber membrane

Hollow fiber membranes of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were prepared by incorporating varying concentrations of hydrophilic surface-modifying macromolecules (LSMM) and a constant amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG) additives. The membranes were fabricated by the dry-wet spinning technique. The prepared hollow fiber membranes were dip-coated by hydrophobic surface-modifying macromolecules (BSMM) as the final step fabrication. The additives combination is aimed to produce hollow fiber membranes with high flux permeation and high salt rejection in the matter of seawater desalination application. This study prepares hollow fiber membranes from the formulation of 18 wt. % of PVDF mixed with 5 wt. % of PEG and 3, 4, and 5 wt. % of LSMM. The membranes are then dip-coated with 1 wt. % of BSMM. The effect of LSMM loading on hydrophobicity, morphology, average pore size, surface porosity, and membrane performance is investigated. Coating modification on LSMM membranes showed an increase in contact angle up to 57% of pure, unmodified PVDF/PEG membranes, which made the fabricated membranes at least passable when hydrophobicity was considered as one main characteristic. Furthermore, The PVDF/PEG/4LSMM-BSMM membrane exhibits 161?C of melting point as characterized by the DSC. This value indicates an improvement of thermal behavior shows so as the fabricated membranes are desirable for membrane distillation operation conditions range. Based on the results, it can be concluded that PVDF/PEG membranes with the use of LSMM and BSMM combination could enhance the permeate flux up to 81.32 kg·m-2·h-1 at the maximum, with stable salt rejection around 99.9%, and these are found to be potential for seawater desalination application