Exploring value and steering innovation. The case of telecommunication services for professionals

Exploring how value is perceived by customers can be problematic when the actor who is targeted by the innovation is a collective. This is the case for professional services that are intended for organizations like companies or administrations. In this paper we examine this issue of the multiplicity of expressions of the value of services intended for organizations, and the tensions that it induces in the running of a project. To what extent can innovators expect a convergence between various ways of assessing value, and possibly combine them so that relevant decisions can be taken to steer the innovation? One area in which the question raised is particularly sensitive is the provision of telecommunication services for companies and administrations. These configurations are characterized by the plurality of actors using the service, in organizational contexts that are themselves variable (final user, IT and telecom managers, corporate managers, etc.), and by the diversity of forms of evaluation involved in project development. We examine this question based on a monograph : the design of videophone services for medical applications and, in particular, applications for home hospitalization

A GPS network for tropospheric tomography in the framework of the Mediterranean hydrometeorological observatory Cévennes-Vivarais (south-eastern France)

International audienceThe Mediterranean hydrometeorological observatory Cévennes-Vivarais (OHM-CV) coordinates hydrometeorological observations (radars, rain gauges, water level stations) on a regional scale in southeastern France. In the framework of OHM-CV, temporary GPS measurements have been carried out for 2 months in autumn 2002, when the heaviest rainfall are expected. These measurements increase the spatial density of the existing permanent GPS network, by adding three more receivers between the Mediterranean coast and the Cévennes-Vivarais range to monitor maritime source of water vapour flow feeding the precipitating systems over the Cévennes-Vivarais region. In addition, a local network of 18 receivers covered an area of 30 by 30 km within the field of view of the meteorological radar. These regional and local networks of permanent and temporary stations are used to monitor the precipitable water vapour (PWV) with high temporal resolution (15 min). Also, the dense local network provided data which have been inverted using tomographic techniques to obtain the 3-D field of tropospheric water vapour content. This study presents methodological tests for retrieving GPS tropospheric observations from dense networks, with the aim of assessing the uncertainties of GPS retrievals. Using optimal tropospheric GPS retrieval methods, high resolution measurements of PWV on a local scale (a few kilometres) are discussed for rain events. Finally, the results of 3-D fields of water vapour densities from GPS tomography are analysed with respect to precipitation fields derived from a meteorological radar, showing a good correlation between precipitation and water vapour depletion areas

Estimation des paramètres atmosphériques par GPS: analyse de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la vapeur d'eau

The atmospheric water vapor plays an important role in meteorological processes. However, its spatial and temporal variability has been a brake on its study up to the 90s. From then on, researchers were able to highlight the potential of GPS (Global Positioning System) as an instrument to study the humidity. Two different results can be found. A 2D distribution of humidity through integrated values over a GPS network or a 3D distribution of the density of water vapor through tomographic GPS software. First, this thesis explains the development, the tests and the validation of our GPS tomographic software developed in the Laboratory for meteorological physics (LaMP, France) dedicated to the scientific GPS community. This software uses only GPS data from rinex files and complementary files from ground meteorological data. No external constraints are used in order to retrieve the 3D repartition of water vapor density. Then, this thesis presents operational applications of the software through three GPS campaigns. The first tomographic results concern OHMCV (Observatoire Hydrométéorologique des Cévènnes-Vivarais) GPS campaign which took place in autumn 2002 in southern France. The second tomographic results concern the permanent GPS network of IRMB (Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium) through various cases in 2005. Finally, the third tomographic results concern COPS campaign (Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study) which took place during the summer of 2007 in Europe. All those tomographic results have been compared with reflectivity data from several weather radar to better understand the role of water vapor as a precursor of convective initiation.La vapeur d'eau atmosphérique joue un rôle important dans les processus météorologiques. Toutefois, sa variabilité spatio-temporelle a été un frein à son étude jusque dans les années 90. A partir de cette date, des chercheurs ont pu mettre en évidence le potentiel du GPS (Global Positioning System) comme instrument pouvant étudier l'humidité. Les résultats obtenus peuvent être de deux types. Une distribution 2D de l'humidité grâce aux valeurs intégrées au-dessus d'un réseau de station GPS ou une distribution 3D de la densité de vapeur d'eau au moyen de logiciel tomographique. Dans un premier temps, ce travail de thèse présente le développement, les tests et la validation d'un logiciel de tomographie troposphérique GPS développé au sein du Laboratoire de météorologie physique pour la communauté scientifique GPS. Ce logiciel fonctionne grâce au seul apport des données GPS brutes (type rinex) ainsi que des fichiers météorologiques au sol. Aucune contrainte externe n'est nécessaire afin de retrouver la distribution 3D de la densité de vapeur d'eau. Ce travail présente dans un second temps l'application opérationnelle de ce logiciel à travers trois campagnes de mesures. Les premiers résultats tomographiques concernent la campagne OHMCV (Observatoire Hydrométéorologique des Cévènnes-Vivarais) qui a eu lieu à l'automne 2002 dans le sud de la France. Les seconds résultats tomographiques concernent le réseau GPS permanent de l'IRMB (Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique) à travers différents cas de l'année 2005. Enfin, les troisièmes résultats tomographiques concernent la campagne COPS (Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study) qui a eu lieu pendant l'été 2007 en Europe. Les différents résultats tomographiques ont fait l'objet d'une comparaison avec des données provenant de plusieurs radars météorologiques afin de mieux appréhender le rôle de la vapeur d'eau comme précurseur de l'initiation convective

Productivité du maïs à Dijon

National audienc

Besoins des sols du sud ouest en acide phosphorique et influence de la reduction des fumures phosphatees depuis 1940 sur la production vegetale

National audienc

Estimation des paramètres atmosphériques par GPS (analyse de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la vapeur d'eau)

La vapeur d'eau joue un rôle important en météorologie.Toutefois, sa variabilité spatio-temporelle a été un frein à son étude. Des chercheurs ont pu mettre en évidence le potentiel du Global Positioning System pour l'étudier. Les résultats sont nombreux. Une distribution 2D grâce aux valeurs intégrées ou une distribution 3D au moyen de la tomographie. Ce travail de thèse présente le logiciel de tomographie troposphérique GPS développé au sein du Laboratoire de météorologie physique. Il fonctionne grâce aux données GPS brutes et aux fichiers météorologiques au sol. L'application opérationnelle est ensuite présentée. Les résultats concernent l'Observatoire Hydrométéorologique des Cévènnes-Vivarais, le réseau GPS permanent de l'Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique et la campagne Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study. Ces résultats ont fait l'objet d'une étude avec des radars météorologiques afin d'appréhender le rôle de l'humidité pour l'initiation convectiveCLERMONT FD-BCIU Sci.et Tech. (630142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Evolution over two decades of the tropical clouds in a subsidence area and their relation to large-scale environment

The interannual variability of cloud properties in a tropical subsidence area (South Atlantic Ocean) is examined using 23 years of ISCCP cloud fractions and optical depths, complemented with ISCCP/Meteosat visible reflectance and a four-years comparison with CALIPSO-GOCCP products. The mean seasonal cloud properties are examined in the area, as their interannual evolution. Circulation regimes (characterized with the SST and w500 from NCEP and ERA-Interim) that dominate summer and winter are also examined, and atmospheric situations are classified in five circulation regimes: ascending air masses, and moderate or strong subsidence with warm or cold SSTs. We examine the mean cloud cover, optical depth, and reflectance in each regime and their evolution in time over 23 years. Observational results (mean values and interannual variability) are compared with simulations from the IPSL and CNRM climate models (part of the CMIP5 experiment), using simulators to ensure that differences can be attributed to model defects. It results that regime occurrence strongly depends on the dataset (NCEP or ERA-Interim), as do their evolution in time along 23 years. The observed cloud cover is stable in time and weakly regime-dependent, whereas the cloud optical depth and reflectance are clearly regime-dependent. Some cloud properties trends actually do exist only in some particular regimes. Compared to observations, models underestimate cloud cover and overestimate cloud optical depth and reflectance. Climate models poorly reproduce regime occurrence and their evolution in time, as well as variations in cloud properties associated with regime change. It means that errors in the simulation of clouds from climate models are firstly due to errors in the simulation of the dynamic and thermodynamic environmental conditions

Remote sensing ice supersaturation inside and near cirrusclouds: a case study in the subtropics

International audienceCombining vertically resolved lidar retrievals of water vapor and cloud detection, we document a 2-day subtropical cirrus case study over La Réunion (20.9∘S–55.5∘E) in March 2005, focusing on the conditions of ice supersaturation inside and near the observed cloud. Using satellite observations, we describe the synoptic conditions leading to cloud formation. Supersaturation occurs 25% of the time within the cirrus, up to 35% in its middle segment, where relative humidity goes beyond 150%. In clear-sky areas, relative humidity stays consistentlylow, especially in profiles without clouds. High-troposphere atmospheric waves could initiate the formation of supersaturation conditions, especially on 16 March

Precipitations on the lee side of the Vosges Mountains during COPS : case studies

International audienceThe international field campaign COPS (Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study) took place from 01 June to 31 August 2007 in a low mountain area in southwestern Germany/ eastern France. In this poster we will explore the lee side precipitations due to shallow (case 1 : 07/18) and deep (case 2 : 08/06) convection, using observations from radars, satellites, radiosoundings, and a network of GPS stations, as well as models simulations. In particular, we will give a special attention to small scale orographic effects on the development of precipitations, including the role of water vapor convergence as a precursor to the convective initiation

Precipitations on the lee side of the Vosges Mountains during COPS : case studies

International audienceThe international field campaign COPS (Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study) took place from 01 June to 31 August 2007 in a low mountain area in southwestern Germany/ eastern France. In this poster we will explore the lee side precipitations due to shallow (case 1 : 07/18) and deep (case 2 : 08/06) convection, using observations from radars, satellites, radiosoundings, and a network of GPS stations, as well as models simulations. In particular, we will give a special attention to small scale orographic effects on the development of precipitations, including the role of water vapor convergence as a precursor to the convective initiation