Trabajo de investigación sobre vocabulario y cacografías correspondiente a la zona de influencia del Centro Pedro Barrie de la Maza

Confeccionar el vocabulario usual del niño en un colegio concreto y una tabla de cacografías para trabajar más intensamente sobre ellas y lograr su recuperación. 100 alumnos de tercero de EGB con más nivel de instrucción (bueno, normal y bajo) del Colegio Público Pedro Barrie de la Maza. A cada uno de los niños se le pidió que realizasen doce redacciones que versaban sobre cuatro aspectos diferentes: vida cotidiana, vida social, aspecto cultural y artístico y aspecto moral y religioso. También se les pidió que escribiesen durante 10 minutos las palabras que le sugerían los temas anteriores. Posteriormente, se ha confeccionado una escala de diagnóstico ortográfico. Por último, se extrajo del vocabulario usual del niño todas aquellas palabras con cacografías, bien sean de letras o de tildes, ordenadas alfabéticamente y agrupadas según el tipo de error. Redacciones de los alumnos. Frecuencias. Se incluye una lista con el vocabulario usual del niño y su frecuencia de aparición, una escala de diagnóstico ortográfico para tercero de EGB y una lista de cacografías.GaliciaBiblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; Fax +34917748026; [email protected]

Mortality after surgery in Europe: a 7 day cohort study

Background: Clinical outcomes after major surgery are poorly described at the national level. Evidence of heterogeneity between hospitals and health-care systems suggests potential to improve care for patients but this potential remains unconfirmed. The European Surgical Outcomes Study was an international study designed to assess outcomes after non-cardiac surgery in Europe.Methods: We did this 7 day cohort study between April 4 and April 11, 2011. We collected data describing consecutive patients aged 16 years and older undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery in 498 hospitals across 28 European nations. Patients were followed up for a maximum of 60 days. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcome measures were duration of hospital stay and admission to critical care. We used χ² and Fisher’s exact tests to compare categorical variables and the t test or the Mann-Whitney U test to compare continuous variables. Significance was set at p<0·05. We constructed multilevel logistic regression models to adjust for the differences in mortality rates between countries.Findings: We included 46 539 patients, of whom 1855 (4%) died before hospital discharge. 3599 (8%) patients were admitted to critical care after surgery with a median length of stay of 1·2 days (IQR 0·9–3·6). 1358 (73%) patients who died were not admitted to critical care at any stage after surgery. Crude mortality rates varied widely between countries (from 1·2% [95% CI 0·0–3·0] for Iceland to 21·5% [16·9–26·2] for Latvia). After adjustment for confounding variables, important differences remained between countries when compared with the UK, the country with the largest dataset (OR range from 0·44 [95% CI 0·19 1·05; p=0·06] for Finland to 6·92 [2·37–20·27; p=0·0004] for Poland).Interpretation: The mortality rate for patients undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery was higher than anticipated. Variations in mortality between countries suggest the need for national and international strategies to improve care for this group of patients.Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Society of Anaesthesiology